1 10 32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://www.zotero.org/groups/history_1952/items/collectionKey/P5VGX7PS Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bibliography: Dutch Geopolitics in 17th-Century New Amsterdam Subject The topic of the resource Kahn, quoted in “The Mind of Louis Kahn,” Architectural Forum 137 (July-August):77 Kahn, “The Continual Renewal of Architecture Comes for Changing Concepts of Space,” Perspecta, no. 4 (1957): 65 Tony Campbell, "New Light on the Jansson-Visscher Maps of New England," Map Collectors’ Series, 24 (1965) Helen Wilkinson Reynolds, Dutch Houses in the Hudson Valley Before 1776, Payson and Clarke Ltd. for the Holland Society of New York, 1929. Reprinted by Dover Publications Inc. 1965. Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York 2011 James Deetz, In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early American Life (Garden City, N.Y., 1977) Oliver P. Chitwood, A history of Colonial America, 3rd ed. New York: Harper, 1961 pp 17-18 Wilbur R. Jacobs, “the great Despoliation: Environmental Themes in American Frontier History,” Pacific Historical Review 46 (Feburary 1978):79 Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 2-3, 7, 8-22, 24-39. John D. Cushing, ed., The Laws of the Pilgrims: A Facsimile Edition of The Book of General Laws of the Inhabitants of Jurisdiction of New Plymouth, 1672 and 1685 (Wilmington, Delaware, 1977) p. xiii. J.H. Trumbull and C.J. Hoadley, eds., Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut (1636-1776), 15 vols. (Hartford, 1850-1890), 1;67, 558 Quodbach. Esmée. Holland’s golden age in America : collecting the art of Rembrandt, Vermeer, and Hals. [New York, N.Y.] : The Frick Collection ; University Park, Pennsylvania : The Pennsylvania State University Press, [2014] Jacobs, Jaap. The Colony of  New Netherlands. Ithaca, New York: Cornel University Press, 2009. Rink, Oliver Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York, Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1986 Eric Jay Dolin, Fur, Fortune and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America (2010) p. xvi Innis, Harold Adams. The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History, (Toronto ; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, 1956). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bibliography: Reynolds's Political Map: Slavery and Freedom in the 1850s Description An account of the resource “An Act to Authorize the People of the Missouri Territory to Form a Constitution and State Government, and for the Admission of Such State into the Union on an Equal Footing with the Original States, and to Prohibit Slavery in Certain Territories.” A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875, March 6, 1820. https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=003/llsl003.db&recNum=586. “An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas.” United States Statutes at Large : Treaties of the United States of America Vol 10 Page 277 Boston : Little Brown, 1855, 1854. Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library: The Avalon Project, Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/kanneb.asp. “An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas.” A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875, May 30, 1854. https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=010/llsl010.db&recNum=298. Bufford, John Henry, and Winslow Homer. Argument of the Chivalry. 1 print : lithograph on wove paper, 36.9 x 51.8 cm, 1856. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print. Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661576/. “Daguerreotype Photograph of Charles Sumner.” Wikipedia, n.d. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Sumner_1855_BPL-crop.jpg. Disturnell, J. “Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico : segun lo organizado y definido por las varias actas del congreso de dicha républica y construido por las mejores autoridades.” The Library of Congress: Hispanic Reading Room, March 3, 2015. https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/ghmaps.jpg. Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War: With a New Introductory Essay. Oxford University Press, 1970. https://books.google.com/books?id=HUqJPUyS83AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Greeley, Horace. Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions of 1856, 1860 and 1864. Minneapolis, Minnesota: C.W. Johnson, 1893. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoffir00repu. Howard, John R. Henry Ward Beecher: A Study of His Personality, Career, and Influence in Public Affairs. Fords, Howard & Hulbert, 1891. https://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD:HX2X4A&printsec=titlepage. John Brown, Engraving from a Daguerreotype. Engraving from a daguerreotype, 1856. Photo Number: 531116. National Archives and Records Administration. https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/92/127692-004-75B0B1DE.jpg. Magee, John L. Forcing Slavery down the Throat of a Freesoiler. 1 print : lithograph on wove paper, 24.8 x 37 cm., 1856. American political prints, 1766-1876 / Bernard F. Reilly. Boston : G.K. Hall, 1991, entry 1856-8. Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661578/. ———. Liberty, the Fair Maid of Kansas--in the Hands of the “Border Ruffians.” 1 print : lithograph on wove paper, 21 x 38 cm., 1856. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661579/. ———. The Great Presidential Race of 1856. 24 x 40 cm., 1856. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008661583/. N. Currier (Firm). Grand National Republican Banner: Free Labor, Free Speech, Free Territory. 1 print : lithograph, hand-colored., 1856. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library of Congress. http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b50499/. “naghshe_koli_2015_chap_email1-dcba5.jpg (JPEG Image, 798 × 558 Pixels) - Scaled (95%).” Accessed October 23, 2016. http://uic.org/com/local/cache-vignettes/L798xH558/naghshe_koli_2015_chap_email1-dcba5.jpg?1449598086. “REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION.” National Era (1847-1860), June 26, 1856, Vol X, no. 495 edition. Proquest. http://search.proquest.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/docview/137655927?accountid=11311. “Republican Party Platform of 1856.” The American Presidency Project, June 18, 1856. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29619. Sumner, Charles. The Crime against Kansas. Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts. In the Senate of the United States, May 19, 1856. New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1856. https://archive.org/details/crimeagainstkans00sumn. “The Caning of Charles Sumner.” United States Senate, n.d. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Bleeding Kansas.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2016. https://www.britannica.com/event/Bleeding-Kansas-United-States-history. ———. “Pottawatomie Massacre.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2016. https://www.britannica.com/event/Pottawatomie-Massacre. “The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.” The Library of Congress: Hispanic Reading Room, March 3, 2015. https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/. “Transcript of Missouri Compromise (1820).” Our Documents, March 6, 1820. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=22&page=transcript. “Wilmot Proviso.” Britannica Academic. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., n.d. http://academic.eb.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/levels/collegiate/article/77114. Wolff, Gerald W. “Party and Section: The Senate and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.” Civil War History 18, no. 4 (1972): 293–311. http://muse.jhu.edu/article/419119. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/1ad40bd9eee9c3877a58ec83c2b5e1ee.jpg d36f8007b8a9f5df26a61505a75e43cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Historical Map Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher Cartographer Gerynovych, Volodymyr Date Published 1910 Collection Name of collection of which the map is a part Harvard Map Collection - Krawciw Collection Call Number G7100 1910 .G4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heohrafichna karta zemelʹ, de zhyvut Ukraint͡si - Geographic Map of Ukrainian-Inhabited Lands Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Language A language of the resource Ukrainian 20th century Black Sea Crimea Europe population data - ethnicity Russia Ukraine https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/5957307ff9d27a78609bf19a012a68d8.jpg 3fce0d11299caace598d5fa0c4c547f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Historical Map Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher Cartographer Svit, I.V. Collection Name of collection of which the map is a part Harvard Map Collection, Krawciw Collection. Call Number G7270 1930 .M3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapa Zelenoi Ukrainy = Map of Green Ukraine Description An account of the resource A black-and-white map of a region of eastern Siberia with a large Ukrainian population. The map contains ethnographic information, topography, and transportation routes. Partially pictured: Manchuria, Japan. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Svit I.V. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Ukraïnsʹka vydavnycha spilka (Ukrainian publishing association), Harbin. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930 Language A language of the resource Ukrainian https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/8ac6d4cba50358f90a5d683b5f40ffe7.jpg 199d0f227ed6b05b0af57cd48340efb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Novi Belgii Novaeque Angliae nec non partis Virginiae tabula : multis in locis emenda Subject The topic of the resource Includes decorative cartouche and inset view: Nieuw Amsterdam op t eylant Manhattans. Description An account of the resource 1 map : hand col. ; 47 x 55 cm. - Relief shown pictorially. "Cum privil. ordin. general. Belgii Foederati." Fourth state, according to Burden. Appears in author's Atlas minor sive geographia compendiosa. Includes decorative cartouche and inset view: Nieuw Amsterdam op t eylant Manhattans. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Visscher, Nicolaum Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [ca 1684?] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource hand col. ; 47 x 55 cm. Language A language of the resource Latin, Dutch https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/75ae04b0b4cbaa9426f126bc9ee0a257.jpg 92835767002b38adae02a6d7a38f1609 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rivers and Lakes Description An account of the resource The mapmakers place an outsize emphasis on rivers in their map design. Rivers are represented with solid black lines. The inclusion of even minor rivers means that a network of rivers seems to cover the map. In cases where state boundaries and rivers overlap, rivers dominate. Indeed, state boundaries are visually secondary to rivers, whose solid black ink superimposes over the dotted state boundaries. The emphasis on this natural features seems relevant to me because of the fact that a central tenet of this map’s argument is that freedom and slavery are fighting for control of the land. The importance given to rivers signifies for me the importance of natural features in the battle between slavery and freedom. When one steps back, there are very few features that stand out on the map other than those that are natural (especially in the form of rivers) and that which is political (especially in the form of state and territory names). This hierarchy speaks to the conflict at the center of the map’s political purpose. In sum, rivers are given a prominent place in the map design not because of any practical meaning to be drawn from the rivers, but rather to add symbolic meaning to how slavery and freedom fight for the land. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context General Content: Rivers General Content: Lakes General Content: Black lines Analytical Tag: Visual priority given to rivers Analytical Tag: Natural unity of land https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/bdeacb897c92da576d3fcdfda82b4ee3.jpg 6ef796c63999032edf9567f26cd4a01f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mountains Description An account of the resource At first, the mountains appear to be a relatively unimportant feature of the map, and it is true that they occupy relatively little physical space on the page. The mountains that are represented are done so in a way that connects them in continuous ranges that snake along the surface of the map. The way that they flow and join together is reminiscent of rivers. Indeed, there is a connection between the smoothness of the mountains and the prominence of the rivers in the map’s hierarchy. Both illustrate an intent on the part of the mapmaker to present a smoothness and naturalness of the American landscape. One of the central ideas of the map is that slavery’s expansion is at odds with the natural land. The smooth mountains play a central role in demonstrating this argument. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context General Content: Hand-drawn General Content: Topographical feature General Content: Mountains Analytical Tag: Natural Unity of Country Analytical Tag: Connecting regions of country https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/8373385d21f999e3b4753051c9f11ae1.jpg a226dceb59222951a05e6520c9b5df35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource State and Territory Names Description An account of the resource One of the things I noticed in exploring this map is that although state boundary lines are almost indiscernible, state and territory place names hold an outsize importance in the visual hierarchy. The text for state and territory names is in an imposing, block letter font and all capitals and seems unusually large and bold. This boldness creates an imposing quality that leaves obvious fingerprints of an obstreperous intervention into the natural space of rivers and colors. I argue that this mechanical, intrusive quality is an intentional attempt to show how man-made political divisions are at odds with the natural landscape of rivers. To put it broadly, I see a conflict between the natural and man-made features of the map. I see the overbearing text size and the preeminence of rivers as the two primary visual layers at the forefront of this confrontation. It seems to me that the there is a parallel between the incongruent juxtaposition of natural and man-made features in the map itself and a broader conflict that was going on in the 1850s to claim the territories as either slave or free. Indeed, the clunky visual picture created by the place name fonts stands in stark contrast to the cleanness and order of the Missouri Compromise negative space, which smoothly sleuths across the territories. I argue that this visual confrontation mirrors the map-maker’s opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, especially in contrast to the order and stability that the Missouri Compromise ensured, at least according to Republicans at the time. After all, opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act precipitated the formation of the Republican Party, and this map was produced as a piece of pro-Republican election propaganda for the 1856 presidential election. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context General Content: State names General Content: Territory names General Content Tag: Uppercase letters Analytical Tag: Large font size Analytical Tag: Imposing political divisions on the land https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/a441045fe84258d825be8a0b479d84c4.jpg 0a9f4cc3a7f86c0c6019df2a0b00f247 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Color Washes Description An account of the resource This layer contains a wash of three distinct colors: bright red for free states, dark blue-gray for slave states, and green for territories that were, as the map’s title calls it, “open to slavery or freedom by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise” of 1854. This layer encapsulates what I find to be the central object of the map as a whole, which is to use abstraction to convey a political message. The color washes appear to have been applied by a distracted artist rather than a fastidious cartographer. For instance, the colors spill over lines liberally—Long Island Sound or the loose splashes over Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard provide good examples. There is almost the sense that the cartographer accidentally spilled buckets of paint over the map. This looseness plays into how the abstract colors represent political ideology rather than distinct geographic features. In conveying that political message, the mapmakers made distinct choices in color choice. Coloring the slave states a dark blue-gray gives the impression that the slave power is as a storm cloud that darkens and encroaches upon the innocent, natural greenness of the unclaimed territories. This dark coloring of slavery also has the effect of connoting immorality, especially in contrast to the bright, chipper cherry red of the free states. Moreover, the dark blue has the effect of making it extremely difficult to discern the natural features, like rivers, in the slave states—a fact that I learned the hard way in my tracing. I contend that this obfuscation of natural features is intentional; the mapmakers seek to prove in obscuring the rivers and mountains that slavery is unnatural and counter to the ideals of the land that the red and green colors highlight so much more clearly and favorably. Analytical Tag: Kansas Nebraska Act Analytical Tag: Repeal of Missouri Compromise Analytical Tag: Westward Expansion General Content: red green and blue General Content: Slavery and Freedom General Content: Watercolor https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/ce8181f116b247afa4f07bc781e78a84.png 007b264d704c8ed5d595a8effe0b0de8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Historical Map Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher Cartographer William C. Reynolds Type individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital Individual map Format notes Scale [ca. 1:7,250,000] (W 122⁰--W 67⁰/N 50⁰--N 25⁰). 1 map : hand col. ; 48 x 70 cm. Collection Name of collection of which the map is a part Harvard Maps Collection Call Number MAP-LC G3701.E9 1856 .R4 Hollis Number (Harvard Maps Collection): 009621024 URL or Unique Identifier https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3701e.ct000604/ Digital Repository Library of Congress Date Published 1856 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Reynolds's political map of the United States, designed to exhibit the comparative area of the free and slave states and the territory open to slavery or freedom by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Subject The topic of the resource 1856 Election Kansas-Nebraska Act Slavery and Freedom Westward Expansion Description An account of the resource Depicts areas in the United States that allow and do not allow slavery and the territories who status as free or slave is yet to be determined as of 1856. Made in anticipation of the 1856 election as a piece of propaganda in favor of the Republican presidential ticket, which consisted of John C. Fremont for president and William L. Dayton for vice president. The map includes data from the 1850 census for all states, divided into slave and free, and pays particular attention to data regarding economics and representation in Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William C. Reynolds Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available William C. Reynolds J.C. Jones Rufus Blanchard Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1856 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Stand-alone map Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Historical Map