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                  <text>Elkhorn Ranch</text>
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                  <text>Westward Expansion; Ranching in the Dakota Territories in the 1880s; Theodore Roosevelt; Little Missouri River</text>
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                  <text>My curated map collection helps analyze how a particular space, the basin of the Little Missouri River in present day North Dakota, took on special personal meaning to Theodore Roosevelt in the 1880s. My project investigates how the land and people in the Little Missouri created a unique cultural and historical phenomenon that endured not just in Roosevelt’s conscience but also in the national imagination. My project will answer such questions as: what were the cultural and economic forces that led to a ranching boom in the Little Missouri Basin in the 1880s? How did the space change Roosevelt? How did he and others change the space? What cultural, ideological, and personal meaning did Roosevelt attach to the space, and how, and why? How did what happened there reflect or influence understandings of national identity in the latter half of the 19th century? I include these maps as texts and tools to provide context and analysis in answering these and other questions.</text>
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                  <text>Josiah Corbus</text>
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                  <text>November 2016</text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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              <text>Theodore Roosevelt National Park - National Park Service and Dickinson State University</text>
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              <text>Accession Number: 474 / 6492b</text>
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          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
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              <text>http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record.aspx?libID=o275512</text>
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              <text>1900-1960? </text>
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                <text>Ranches in North Dakota (Roosevelt) Badlands Area in '80's</text>
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                <text>Medora; Ranches; Theodore Roosevelt</text>
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                <text>Unknown</text>
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                <text>Theodore Roosevelt National Park</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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                <text>Historical Map</text>
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                <text>Accession Number: 474 / 6492b</text>
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                <text>This map provides a loose sketch of the Little Missouri River Basin, with a focus on the tributary streams that flow into the Little Missouri, and the ranches in the area. Ambiguity about the map's authorship, date of creation, and scale--not to mention its unspecific, almost abstract, depiction of space--calls into question this map's reliability as a source of verifiable information. For instance, the way that each stream or creek is drawn almost identically, with two forks each, makes viewers wonder how accurate this map really is. Indeed, satellite imagery of the same area of the Little Missouri confirms that the map's depiction of streams is not faithful to the actual topography of the land. This inaccuracy does not mean, however, that the source surrenders all of its value. After all, the map's purported purpose is to show ranches, not natural features. In light of this stated goal, the streams may have been represented more for their position relative to ranches and each other than for topographic accuracy. &#13;
&#13;
Even so, the value of the depiction of ranches is reduced by the lack of a date on the map. Though the map purports to show ranches in the '80s, assumed to mean the 1880s, the period in which Roosevelt came to the Little Missouri, there is reason to question how accurately this map represents 1880s ranches. For one, another map in this collection, also courtesy of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, shows far fewer ranches in the same area than this map shows. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of the rivers makes one wonder if the ranches are placed on the page with a similar disregard. &#13;
&#13;
In spite of these shortcomings, the map provides some value in that it shows how ranches in the area were clustered along the Little Missouri. Also, by centering the map on Medora, the map-maker highlights the importance of that town as a transportation hub at the geographic center of the Little Missouri Basin ranching boom in the 1880s. Medora, of course, was the town that connected the region to the Northern Pacific, which transported cattle and people to and from all points East. </text>
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                <text>Scope: local geography. Selective portion of a small river basin. </text>
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        <name>Theodore Roosevelt</name>
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        <name>tributaries</name>
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                <text>An account of the epidemic yellow fever, as it appeared in the city of New-York in the year 1795: Containing, besides its history, &amp;c., the most probable means of preventing its return, and of avoiding it, in case it should again become epidemic.</text>
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                <text>Valentine Seaman</text>
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                <text>Hopkins &amp; Webb, New York</text>
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                <text>[ca 1684?] </text>
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                <text>First world isothermal chart. Woodbridge notes that the figures on the chart indicate mean annual temperature of the places depicted. The dotted lines crossing the chart point out the places which have equal degrees of heat. Theres form the boundaries of the Regions distinguished by color. &#13;
&#13;
What is also interesting about this map is that it appears to also be a planting calendar, suggesting what crops are best suited for each Region. These are depicted by the unbroken vertical lines reaching from each of the dotted Regional lines.</text>
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                <text>Building off his previous previous work, Woodbridge again depicts isothermal conditions. Here, he updates the way the planting information is displayed (in boxes, with horizontal text). Overall, Woodbridge notes that the figures on the chart indicate mean annual temperature of the places depicted. The dotted lines crossing the chart point out the places which have equal degrees of heat. Theres form the boundaries of the Regions distinguished by color. &#13;
&#13;
What is also interesting about this map is that it appears to also be a planting calendar, suggesting what crops are best suited for each Region. These are depicted by the unbroken vertical lines reaching from each of the dotted Regional lines.</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores British perceptions of France and Germany before the First World War, and how they were influenced by proximity, both in terms of simple distance and in terms of how easy it was to travel there. There are four elements (one of which isn't a historical map). &lt;br /&gt;The first is a graphical representation of the quickest routes from London to different places in Europe, as advised by Thomas Cook and Son travel agents in 1913, and how long it would take to travel to each destination. These graphs give us a sense of how far places in Europe actually were from London in 1913 (admittedly a limited sense given I haven’t found useful information on the prices of these journeys, or how many times a day they ran). They also show which places routes ran through, thus showing which places travelllers would be familiar with simply by having to frequently pass through.&lt;br /&gt;The second map is a cartoon map of Europe made in 1900. It supposedly shows the different countries responding to Britain’s war in South Africa. It is interesting for how France—at the time far from an ally—is shown as far less threatening than Germany, which in turn is less threatening than Russia. It is interesting to apply information from the previous element to this one (if we assume that travel patterns in Europe had not radically changed between 1900 and 1913). The relative proximity of France, and number of routes through Paris, perhaps meant that more people had been there, and did not find it excessively foreign or sinister, while the distantness of Russia (Moscow is 102 hours from London) arguably result in it being depicted as a terrifying, autocratic octopus (a depiction surely grounded in common British stereotypes and attitudes). &lt;br /&gt;The third element seeks to answer a question posed by the comparison of the first and second. The first element shows that Germany was not very distant, and that many routes passed through it, especially through Cologne. Yet the second shows that Germany seemed to be more foreign and threatening than France. The third element is a map of Europe made in 1880. It labels western Germany—the Rhineland that accounts for so many nodes in the first element—“Germany,” and the rest of the German Empire “Prussia.” While it was probably the result of parsimonious atlas makers reusing pre-unification plates, the existence of such a map (and of other examples, which are hyperlinked), suggests that the British maintained a mental distinction between the Germany they encountered and the threatening, militaristic Prussia they did not. Either that map echoes a distinction that was already salient, or it and others helped to create or maintain such a distinction. It is no accident that Germany is represented in element two by the Kaiser eagerly stockpiling battleships, echoing a pre-unification cartoon map of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, in which that state is embodied by the Kaiser and an armed and dangerous Bismark.&lt;br /&gt;The last element is a fragment of a map of Paris from an English language guidebook published in 1878. It gives us a loose sense of what sort of places would have grounded British perceptions of the French capital. Specifically, government buildings feature prominently, suggesting that visiting Paris in some way entailed visiting the French state, and perhaps coming to understand it as similar to the British state. One might wonder whether visitors to Berlin would have had the same response to the German state, had many people visited Berlin.</text>
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          <name>Type</name>
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          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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              <text>As this map was extracted from a digitized copy of a guidebook, it is not in any formal map collection.</text>
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                <text>Baedeker Map of Western Paris</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Wagner &amp; Debes, Leipzig</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="770">
                <text>Karl Baedeker</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1878</text>
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                <text>Included in Karl Baedeker, &lt;em&gt;Paris and its Environs: With Routes from London to Paris, and from Paris to the Rhine and Switzerland, Handbook for Travellers&lt;/em&gt; (Leipsic [sic.]: Karl Baedeker, 1878).</text>
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                <text>This is half of a map of Paris included in Baedeker's 1878 English-language guidebook to the Paris region. It gives us a sense of what British visitors to Paris in the late 19th and early 20th centuries would have seen -- after all, this guidebook and others like it directed them. Certain buildings are highlighted, along with railway lines, parks, rivers, neighbourhoods and major roads. Interestingly, among the buildings picked out, a large number have some government connection, such as the "Ecole Militaire," "C. [cours] Legislatif" and "Palais de l'Elysees." (There are also a lot of churches). It seems it was a convention to mark out public buildings on urban maps -- an &lt;a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~31397~1150344:Paris-?sort=Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort&amp;amp;qvq=q:List_No%3D%275371.037%27%22%2B;sort:Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=0&amp;amp;trs=1"&gt;1883 atlas map&lt;/a&gt; of Paris does the same -- but whether or not the mapmaker was deliberately directing tourists to these buildings or just following a convention is not really important: the map was used as a tool, and even if tourists strenuously avoided such buildings, they would have had to use them to navigate and thus anchor their sense of location to such buildings. Thus it seems tourists in Paris would in most cases encounter the symbolically-important buildings of the French government, and perhaps they would link those government buildings to their overall impression of Paris. Perhaps they would have found the government buildings impressive or unthreatening. Even if they found the buildings sinister and exotic, their view of the institutions contained within them would be tempered by the surrounding city, which the buildings represented. After all, capital cities are often used to refer metonymically to governments.&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, the streets marked out on the map constitute a catalogue of great French people (such as Montaigne) and battles (such as Wagram). The experience of visiting Paris perhaps allowed English visitors to view France's history from that country's perspective, rather than from their own, for example by seeing how victories over Britain's allies (such as at Iena, Wagram, Eylau) were commemorated in France much as British victories over France (such as Waterloo) were memorialised in British street names. Additionally, these patterns of street naming meant that British visitors may have connected these people and events with the places they visited, so the touristic appeal of Paris in some way could have defanged French history.</text>
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                <text>Reynolds's political map of the United States, designed to exhibit the comparative area of the free and slave states and the territory open to slavery or freedom by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.</text>
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                <text>Depicts areas in the United States that allow and do not allow slavery and the territories who status as free or slave is yet to be determined as of 1856. Made in anticipation of the 1856 election as a piece of propaganda in favor of the Republican presidential ticket, which consisted of John C. Fremont for president and William L. Dayton for vice president. The map includes data from the 1850 census for all states, divided into slave and free, and pays particular attention to data regarding economics and representation in Congress. </text>
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