11 10 258 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/fb656af5040f90e3ef3bcb2f7a6b3f97.jpg 3a73d968e8c57a3c23803217eb06b6ef Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Railway tracks Description An account of the resource The Hejaz Rail ran from Damascus to Medina with a branch through the port city of Haifa. Palestine Railways linked El Kantara, Egypt to Haifa by way of Jerusalem. These railways once served to connect the region but were discontinued in 1948. commercial development Hejaz Rail Line infrastructure Palestine Railways https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/3a81e3c4f9d76c5c49dd3fc00ffe337d.jpg 022bcbb88f70272b18598544af5a8861 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bodies of Water Description An account of the resource The majority of ink on this map serves to detail bodies of water. This is stark because of the Palestine's reputation for drought and water shortages. The bodies of water flow from the Jordan River, the Kineret, and the sea and branch out through the region. They also serve to connect different areas. absence of color Arabic names of bodies of water natural water resources water as orienting tool https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/7f085f4602e8e843d52dc85601a93b8c.jpg 7a03cd59603a7b581d0264eebc726afa Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Borders Description An account of the resource There are minimal border lines on this map which poses a stark contrast to the present day Middle East. The maps borders reflect ottoman divisions of the territory immediately before the activation of the British Mandate. The darkest border separates Ottoman Palestine (including modern day Arabia) from Egypt. There are lighter borders separating different regions of the Ottoman state of Palestine. Egyptian Border Ottoman Power Permeability of Borders Tanzimat Reforms https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/849d5fd737603610cc6e61dff1895cef.jpg 7cc90bdb66569f7c072a2fcccaa48fb6 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regional Titles Description An account of the resource The casual labels on this map reflect that political divisions of territory were less clear during this time period. The map was drawn at a time after the Ottomans lost control of the region but the British and French had not yet imposed their own labels and territorial divisions. The labels reflect the previous demarcation of the region in Ottoman Palestine and are simply the names of central cities: Damascus, El-Kuds, and Beirut. There are also smaller titles demarcating regions in contemporary Jordan. The only label that corresponds to a modern nation state is that of Egypt. Ottoman Syria pre-British occupation pre-french occupation The Mutasarrifate of Al-Kuds https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/2a9f494d2df927a7a2fad9b6da5f34ee.jpg dc7b14067ea588fc7a8793e11adca5bd Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Major Land Masses Outline Description An account of the resource The map itself has Europe, Asia, and Africa connected and labeled. The map also has North America, South America, Artic Land, and Green Land connected and labeled. This layer traces just the outlines of the coasts of these two major connected landmasses. coastlines Connected Land Masses Continents Land https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/1555e2e917cb91f842a863af58b34453.jpg cf968d254313ee88317954b2c87d5990 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Administrative Distinctions Description An account of the resource This layer consists of the boundaries of the Arrondissements (administrative districts of Paris), the Murs d’Octroi, which marked the edges of Paris, and the towns of the surrounding area, which are named but not circumscribed. The names of towns are circled if the population is listed and underlined if not. It is perhaps strange that map-makers should take such care to demark municipal authorities, especially as these distinctions were created in 1795, and were not necessarily representative of qualitative distinctions in districts. It maybe speaks to the influence of government centralisation on spatial awareness and identity (government districts were meaningful divisions which people identified with), or that this map was made to educate students about their government (perhaps supported by the stamp on the map “Instruction Publique. M. Lebel, Auguste”). The division between Paris proper and the towns of the surrounding area is emphasised by their very different representation, and by highlighting the larger towns (the names of which are printed in larger, non-italicised type, and accompanied by the number of inhabitants) you can get a rough sense of the distribution of population in the areas around Paris. Updated versions of this map made in 1863 and 1866, after the city limits had been extended to the Murs d’Enceinte extend the visual language of central Paris to the extended city. districts divisions forgetting local government rationalisation urban growth over time urban limits https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/a7b20e092c1c0dbd6d28a858eb651736.jpg a142eac7eb8628db0a01997bbe712eb8 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fortifications Description An account of the resource The map takes great care to pick out Paris’ fortifications. The Murs d’Enceinte, walls built in the 1840s around Paris are highlighted in orange, and forts in the Paris region, which would not fit onto the map, are included with lines indicating truncated distances. While I could find one other civilian map of Paris that similarly emphasised fortifications, the only other ones to do so are military maps. Furthermore, the Murs d’Enceinte were unpopular in Paris, as it was suspected they had been built to hem Paris in rather than to defend it. This layer is interesting when considered in relation to the railways and monuments, and the political developments in France at the time: the map was published three years after the establishment of the Second Empire, which used the memory of Napoleonic military glory to legitimise itself. In elevating Paris’ military fixtures to the level of public monuments, this map seems to be making (or perhaps accepting or reflecting) an argument for the importance of the military to Paris and to France. military national identity national politics repression truncation of distance urban limits https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/c4818dd7b96bc3be857a6d53faf73baf.jpg 1fdacfda10a0b1ce6295d724d63e005d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monuments Description An account of the resource Important monuments such as Notre Dame and the Louvre are identified by large engraved depictions, which contrast with the two-dimensional design of the map. While these pictures seem to be scaled to fit roughly in the area on the map the building they depict occupies, they still dominate the surrounding area. It is interesting to look at which buildings make the cut: functioning medieval relics such as Notre Dame and the Hôpital St. Louis, former royal palaces such as the Louvres and Tuileries, administrative buildings such as the town hall, senate and legislature, monuments to the revolution (place de la Bastille) and famous cemeteries at Montmartre and Pere Lachaise. On my layer I categorised these places accordingly. It is difficult to identify a particularly political project in this selection, though the equivalence of representation seems to tie these disparate sites together, both serving as a guide for tourists and as an expression of a unified national tradition. administrative buildings artistic embellishment national identity religious buildings tourism urban growth over time https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/e1d5e6fa0ce837cbb897c092b93b2a63.jpg 1fdacfda10a0b1ce6295d724d63e005d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Railways Description An account of the resource The railways are drawn on the map in thick lines, labelled by their destinations, and emphasised by side-on engravings of trains. In these ways they are placed ahead of other forms of transport: roads and canals are shown, but they do not specifically link Paris to other parts of France, and visually merge with the background of the map. In part this seems just to be an attempt to flag up an exciting technological innovation, and one that must have been very recent: the trains to not lead to names stations but to small, sparely depicted “embarcaderes,” which suggests that formal large railway stations had not yet been built—indeed each line leads to a different, single embarcadere. The depiction of the railways is comparable to that of the monuments (both break the 2D visual language of the map) and that of the forts, which also link Paris with areas not depicted on the map. Railways are highlighted in red on a small accompanying map of the surrounding area, which also shows nearby towns, fortifications, rivers and roads, none of which are marked in colour. It is interesting examining the interaction between the railways and the other layers—the lines circle Paris between the Murs d’Enceinte and Murs d’Octroi, and only enter central Paris to reach their terminuses, perhaps indicating which areas were most densely populated and had the most powerful residents. I ran out of tracing paper so I traced these lines on the same sheets as the Monuments. They don't overlap. artistic embellishment distribution of local power links with other regions technological development transportation https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/aa4d74c15c3eb85aebddaea905a64b47.jpg bf23e83f2df6fd975a28d95e09398e6d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Continent Outlines with labels referring to newly-discovered lands Description An account of the resource This layer shows the outlines of continents, both known and unknown. The only color on the map traces the known coasts of North America (yellow), Greenland and nearby land (green), and Asia (pink). The relatively unknown coasts of the land around present-day Alaska, which is the focus of the map, are not colored. Rather, all of the postulated North Pacific land is lightly shaded yellow, and some of the less-known coasts are marked with light dotted lines. I have also included on this layer the place names and notes on the land in the North Pacific because these seem to be important indicators of how this land that the map is reporting was discovered and the kind of information that is needed to clarify this indistinct landmass into a well-known continent like the other landmasses on the map with their clearly delineated and colored outlines. colored outlines and shading continent outlines geopolitical divisions notes on land content treatment of the unknown well-defined geographic information