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                  <text>Surveys Around the World</text>
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                  <text>Christina Shivers</text>
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                <text>Hells Kitchen Canyon SE Utah 7.5 Minute Series (2014)</text>
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                <text>The USGS map of Hells Kitchen Canyon in southeast Utah.</text>
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              <text>Gerynovych, Volodymyr</text>
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                <text>Heohrafichna karta zemelʹ, de zhyvut Ukraint͡si - Geographic Map of Ukrainian-Inhabited Lands</text>
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                  <text>Greg Picard's Final Project</text>
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                  <text>A comparison of maps of Europe from England and France during the Napoleonic Wars</text>
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              <text>Eustache Herrison</text>
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              <text>Jean Baptiste Marie Chamouin</text>
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                <text>Created in the same year as many of the other maps in the exhibition, this map is a map of France, and includes the region of modern day Belgium unified as one country with the rest of France.  This map, unsurprisingly, was created by a French cartographer.  To the North of Belgium there is a unique boundary line symbol that on the key is said to meant "division generale de la France" meaning "general division of France."  However this boundary line isn't present to the east where France borders Germany.  This could be explained by the fact that in this map the Rhine River defines France's border, and this cartographer chose not to overlap symbols for the River and the boundary.  The boundary line seen to the North of Belgium however, reappears in the south surrounding France's conquered territory in Italy.  Perhaps this border symbols signifies some level of insecurity about the border of this newly conquered territory.  But if so, this insecurity is subtle, and the region of Belgium is, to this French cartographer, very much part of France.</text>
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                  <text>Mapping disease</text>
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                  <text>My final project investigates the different ways of mapping disease throughout history and how this can be seen as a product of attitudes towards disease and understanding of the underlying mechanisms at a particular time. While now producing maps of disease is a basic tool in epidemiology and public health, this way of visualizing disease patterns did not develop until around the turn of the 19th century. Prompted in part by serious epidemics of cholera and yellow fever, maps became an important tool in the mission to understand the mode of transmission of disease. In particular, maps were key in the debate over and development of germ theory. Later, maps were also used to disseminate awareness to the general public, and no longer remained the preserve of scientists and public health officials in academic contexts. For this initial map collection I aimed to display three maps that show significantly different ways of thinking about infectious disease. In particular, they show three key stages in the understanding of disease: initial mapping to attempt to discern a mode of transmission, knowledge of a vector and its range, and an attempt to communicate the urgency and danger of disease to the public.</text>
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                  <text>Isabella C</text>
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          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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                <text>History of the epidemic spasmodic cholera of Russia </text>
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                <text>Francis Bisset Hawkins</text>
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                <text>J. Murray (London)</text>
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                <text>This map shows how the cholera epidemic spread across the world from 1817-1831. The only cities labeled on the map are places at which cholera was recorded during the epidemic, clearly showing the impressive geographical range the epidemic reached. This map is particularly interesting because it aims to depict change over time, by including the date at which cholera was first recorded at that specific place on most of the labels. It is not initially very easy to determine where the epidemic originated and the path it took because there is no guide other than the dates, so you have to read all the labels to get a sense of the narrative that the map is telling – it is not very visually obvious. Assessing the path of transmission of a disease is key in identifying the mechanism by which it is spread, and this map is an excellent example of an attempt to better understand cholera, laying the pathway for the discovery of waterborne transmission in the next 20-30 years.</text>
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                <text>World</text>
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                <text>Book: "History of the epidemic spasmodic cholera of Russia :including a copious account of the disease which has prevailed in India, and which has travelled, under that name,&#13;
from Asia into Europe, illustrated by numerous official and other documents, explanatory of the nature, treatment, and prevention of the malady"</text>
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        <name>Place Names</name>
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        <name>rivers</name>
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                  <text>Mapping Exclusion</text>
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                  <text>Inequity in urban development</text>
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                  <text>This collection of maps reveal implications of early 20th century policies in U.S. cities. Specifically, underscoring the impact of redlining, interstate highway development, and urban renewal projects as mechanisms by which not only barred many from complete neighborhoods but also played a role in larger scale disinvestment for minority residents across the U.S.</text>
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                <text>Home loan Residential Security Maps were developed in the early 1930s by a New Deal (federally-sponsored) corporation established for the purpose of home refinance. The Home Owners' Loan Corporation created by the Roosevelt administration was initiated to prevent home foreclosure in the United States. Though the actual agency was not liable for "redlining" it did provide regulatory structure for racial bias in the private mortgage industry. A common definition of redlining states that it is the practice of denying or limiting financial services in certain neighborhoods based on racial or ethnic composition without regard to applicants’ creditworthiness. It refers to the red line (red frame) used to mark communities where financial institutions were not likely to invest. HOLC was a part of the Federal Housing Administration’s portfolio.</text>
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                <text>Transportation via waterways was crucial in the 18th century Hamburg region. Therefore, this map recorded waterways in details. Following the blue color wash, readers can easily identify most of the waterways. Furthermore, the map showed the ebb and flow of the Elbe river, which was useful for navigation. However, the information about the depth of water was not provided. Although the color wash did show a gradation, it seems that the function of the gradation was only to distinguish water from land. (The parts close to the coasts were painted in dark blue, and the parts far from the coasts were painted in light blue.) &#13;
&#13;
As the map did not have a legend, three details about waterways need further investigation: (1) A few waterways were not colored. Does it simply mean that these waterways were too narrow to color during printing, or does it have further implications? For example, these waterways may be impassable for larger boats. (2) On the western part of the map, two dotted lines were drawn adjacent to land. The meanings of these lines need to be clarified. (3) In the inset at the upper-right corner, something looks like the alluvium was depicted.</text>
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                <text>Index of Hamburgum celeberrima libera imperii et Hanseatica civitas ac opulentissimum emporium circa ostium Albis ad mare septentr = Hamburg eine weltberühmte Freye Reichs und Hansee- auch Reiche u. Volkreiche Handels statt an der Elb nicht Weit von der Nord See</text>
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