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                  <text>Mapping disease</text>
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                  <text>My final project investigates the different ways of mapping disease throughout history and how this can be seen as a product of attitudes towards disease and understanding of the underlying mechanisms at a particular time. While now producing maps of disease is a basic tool in epidemiology and public health, this way of visualizing disease patterns did not develop until around the turn of the 19th century. Prompted in part by serious epidemics of cholera and yellow fever, maps became an important tool in the mission to understand the mode of transmission of disease. In particular, maps were key in the debate over and development of germ theory. Later, maps were also used to disseminate awareness to the general public, and no longer remained the preserve of scientists and public health officials in academic contexts. For this initial map collection I aimed to display three maps that show significantly different ways of thinking about infectious disease. In particular, they show three key stages in the understanding of disease: initial mapping to attempt to discern a mode of transmission, knowledge of a vector and its range, and an attempt to communicate the urgency and danger of disease to the public.</text>
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                  <text>Isabella C</text>
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              <text>Merensky, Alexander</text>
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              <text>Mauch, Carl Gottlieb; Baines, Thomas; Mohr, Eduard&#13;
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          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~281839~90054785:Original-map-of-the-Transvaal-or-So?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date&amp;qvq=q:disease;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=1&amp;trs=22</text>
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              <text>David Rumsey Map Collection</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Original map of the Transvaal or South-African Republic</text>
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                <text>This map is entitled the “Original map of the Transvaal or South-African Republic” and was published in 1875. It was the first comprehensive and accurate map of the Transvaal and was published just before the outbreak of the First Boer War. The map shows the geography of the area, and highlights (quite literally, through the use of color) the political boundaries between Portuguese dominions, British dominions, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. The feature of the map that makes it most interesting to my project, however, is the inclusion of a green line that marks the “boundary of the Tsetse fly.” The tsetse fly causes sleeping sickness, one of the diseases that posed such difficulties to the European colonial endeavor. Until you read the label, it looks like the green line marks another territorial boundary between nations; instead it gives the territory of the fly as much visual importance as that of, say, Britain. Insofar as presence of the tsetse fly and therefore increased disease transmission prevented colonial expansion, then perhaps the green line does mark a political boundary: the regions to which European colonizers could not expand. It is also an interesting way of visualizing disease, since no disease is explicitly mentioned on the map, instead it is the habitat of the vector that is noted, with the implication that everyone knew what the tsetse fly was and its effect. Disease is referenced vaguely in other labels on the map, such as “unhealthy flats”, but this is not even given a exact marker or reference to the type of disease in that area.</text>
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                <text>Alexander Merensky</text>
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                <text>Alexander Merensky (Berlin)</text>
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                <text>1875</text>
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                <text>Country/region (1:1,800,000)</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>J. Sulzer</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>46 x 46 cm</text>
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        <name>British Influence</name>
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        <name>Colonialism</name>
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        <name>diamonds</name>
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        <name>gold</name>
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        <name>IC</name>
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                  <text>Tourism, Proximity and British Perceptions of France and Germany Before the First World War</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores British perceptions of France and Germany before the First World War, and how they were influenced by proximity, both in terms of simple distance and in terms of how easy it was to travel there. There are four elements (one of which isn't a historical map). &lt;br /&gt;The first is a graphical representation of the quickest routes from London to different places in Europe, as advised by Thomas Cook and Son travel agents in 1913, and how long it would take to travel to each destination. These graphs give us a sense of how far places in Europe actually were from London in 1913 (admittedly a limited sense given I haven’t found useful information on the prices of these journeys, or how many times a day they ran). They also show which places routes ran through, thus showing which places travelllers would be familiar with simply by having to frequently pass through.&lt;br /&gt;The second map is a cartoon map of Europe made in 1900. It supposedly shows the different countries responding to Britain’s war in South Africa. It is interesting for how France—at the time far from an ally—is shown as far less threatening than Germany, which in turn is less threatening than Russia. It is interesting to apply information from the previous element to this one (if we assume that travel patterns in Europe had not radically changed between 1900 and 1913). The relative proximity of France, and number of routes through Paris, perhaps meant that more people had been there, and did not find it excessively foreign or sinister, while the distantness of Russia (Moscow is 102 hours from London) arguably result in it being depicted as a terrifying, autocratic octopus (a depiction surely grounded in common British stereotypes and attitudes). &lt;br /&gt;The third element seeks to answer a question posed by the comparison of the first and second. The first element shows that Germany was not very distant, and that many routes passed through it, especially through Cologne. Yet the second shows that Germany seemed to be more foreign and threatening than France. The third element is a map of Europe made in 1880. It labels western Germany—the Rhineland that accounts for so many nodes in the first element—“Germany,” and the rest of the German Empire “Prussia.” While it was probably the result of parsimonious atlas makers reusing pre-unification plates, the existence of such a map (and of other examples, which are hyperlinked), suggests that the British maintained a mental distinction between the Germany they encountered and the threatening, militaristic Prussia they did not. Either that map echoes a distinction that was already salient, or it and others helped to create or maintain such a distinction. It is no accident that Germany is represented in element two by the Kaiser eagerly stockpiling battleships, echoing a pre-unification cartoon map of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, in which that state is embodied by the Kaiser and an armed and dangerous Bismark.&lt;br /&gt;The last element is a fragment of a map of Paris from an English language guidebook published in 1878. It gives us a loose sense of what sort of places would have grounded British perceptions of the French capital. Specifically, government buildings feature prominently, suggesting that visiting Paris in some way entailed visiting the French state, and perhaps coming to understand it as similar to the British state. One might wonder whether visitors to Berlin would have had the same response to the German state, had many people visited Berlin.</text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
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              <text>W. Williams</text>
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              <text>W. Williams</text>
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          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>atlas sheet</text>
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              <text>hand coloured, 28 x 35cm</text>
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          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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              <text>David Rumsey Historical Map Collection</text>
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          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30529~1140056:Europe-?"&gt;http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30529~1140056:Europe-?&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>"Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1879 by S. Augustus Mitchell in the Office of the Librarian of Congress in Washington," officially published in an atlas in 1880</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Map of Europe, Showing its Gt. Political Divisions</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This atlas map of Europe is included as it is an excellent example of a persistent problem that cartographers of Europe faced after German unification: how to label the quasi-federal German Empire. Interestingly, the label for Prussia -- the dominant German state -- is bigger than that of Germany. While the label for Germany runs vertically through the Rhineland -- a major British tourist destination -- the Prussian label runs horizontally. One might wonder whether British tourists to Germany connected the country they visited with the rising German state, or whether they sustained a similar dichotomy between Germany and Prussia. &lt;br /&gt;A possible explanation for why this map labels Germany so is that it uses plates made before German unification -- a version of the map made in &lt;a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30423~1140462:Europe-?sort=Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort&amp;amp;qvq=q:List_No%3D%272483.046%27%22%2B;sort:Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=0&amp;amp;trs=1"&gt;1870&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;has the same label, with the horizontal "Prussia" indicating Prussian territory and the vertical "Germany" indicating the smaller German states. &lt;br /&gt;Pre-unification maps did distinguish between (militaristic)&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt; and the rest of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16827"&gt;Germany&lt;/a&gt;, and through inertia that distinction persisted long into unification, for example in &lt;a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~237967~5511315:Chart-of-the-World-Shows-the-Forms-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&amp;amp;qvq=w4s:/when%2F1906;q:%3DEurope%2BAND%2Bpublisher_location%3DLondon%2B;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=0&amp;amp;trs=3"&gt;these&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~31364~1150311?qvq=w4s%3A%2Fwho%2FLetts%25252C%2BSon%2B%252526%2BCo.%3Bq%3Aletts%2C%2Bson%2Band%2Bco%3Bsort%3Apub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date%3Blc%3ARUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=8&amp;amp;trs=158"&gt;maps&lt;/a&gt;. It is of itself interesting that the term "Germany" was used, and given the same stylistic treatment as the name of a country, before the creation of a single German state, suggesting that British and American people thought of the German states -- excluding Prussia -- as a country, even before unification.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Samuel Augustus Mitchell and W. Williams</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>S.A. Mitchell, Philadelphia </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1880</text>
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                <text>Atlas Map</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Continental</text>
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        <name>atlas</name>
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        <name>Germany</name>
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        <name>names</name>
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        <name>nationalism</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>National Narratives in Pictorial Maps, 1929-1939</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores American pictorial maps from the 1930s. Their modes of representation and their content may differ, but they all represent an attempt at shaping and responding to contemporary national identity. Depicted beside and beneath the map's ostensible themes (food, natural resources, American history), is more subliminal messaging about race and American identity. The aesthetics of the maps vary, but they all depict the United States in approximately the same scale and style.&amp;nbsp;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In my project, I hope to explore the arguments these maps were making. Further questions include: why was there an uptick in pictorial map making in this time? More broadly, how does the form of these pictorial maps relate to their function? What does the publishing power behind these maps -- one map was privately published, two were published by large food companies -- mean? How do these maps fit in to the larger historiographical discussion on the creation and consumption of culture during the 1930s? What is the connection to the Great Depression?&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>A Food Map of the United States</text>
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                <text>Louis D. Fancher</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="538">
                <text>David Rumsey Historical Map Collection</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&amp;P)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1930</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A 1930 pictorial map of the United States with a focus on the foods produced by each state. The colors of the map are vibrant, and the decoration stylized. Within each state, the artist/cartographer has drawn in imagery of the food products. Additionally, each state contains images of the peoples and cultural components of the state. These images are often racialized and stereotyped. Often, images are combined to create tableaux (chases, thefts, interactions), which usually serve to enforce stereotypes, particularly of African Americans. The bottom of the map contains a banner which gives a romanticized account of American progress. The map was published by the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, and also serves as an advertisement for the company, noting all the locations of Great Atlantic and Pacific outposts and the efficiency of their shipping. Insets on the corners also highlight A&amp;amp;P, as well as representative circle maps showing the distribution of meat, fish, and poultry throughout the country.&amp;nbsp;&lt;iframe id="widgetPreview" style="border: 0px solid white;" src="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~290332~90061898&amp;amp;embedded=true&amp;amp;cic=RUMSEY%7E8%7E1&amp;amp;widgetFormat=javascript&amp;amp;widgetType=workspace&amp;amp;controls=1&amp;amp;nsip=1" frameborder="0" width="800" height="600"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>Nation (United States)</text>
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        <name>Americans</name>
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        <name>animals</name>
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        <name>Asian-Americans</name>
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                  <text>National Narratives in Pictorial Maps, 1929-1939</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores American pictorial maps from the 1930s. Their modes of representation and their content may differ, but they all represent an attempt at shaping and responding to contemporary national identity. Depicted beside and beneath the map's ostensible themes (food, natural resources, American history), is more subliminal messaging about race and American identity. The aesthetics of the maps vary, but they all depict the United States in approximately the same scale and style.&amp;nbsp;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In my project, I hope to explore the arguments these maps were making. Further questions include: why was there an uptick in pictorial map making in this time? More broadly, how does the form of these pictorial maps relate to their function? What does the publishing power behind these maps -- one map was privately published, two were published by large food companies -- mean? How do these maps fit in to the larger historiographical discussion on the creation and consumption of culture during the 1930s? What is the connection to the Great Depression?&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Map of America's Making, A Chart of Places and Events</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="533">
                <text>Paul M. Paine</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="534">
                <text>David Rumsey Historical Map Collection</text>
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                <text>1930</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;This pictorial map depicts the history of the United States, with history seeming to be defined as colonial activity -- or even more broadly, white history (although it does record the historical locations of several Native American tribes). It records historical events such as battles and colonial discoveries; historical locations such as white American settlements and the place where the sod breaking plod was invented. The illustrations are largely confined to state borders, with the exception of rivers and migration trails or army marches. The bottom of the map contains insets with expanded illustration and context for a number of regions and events, such as "The Frontier" and "The Declaration of Independence". The map also extends beyond the borders of the United States and points out the colonial events on several colonial islands, in Mexico, and Canada, as well as routes that colonial explorers followed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Follow the words wrapping around the border and you'll see a quote from the Gettysburg Address.&amp;nbsp;&lt;iframe id="widgetPreview" style="border: 0px solid white;" src="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~281366~90053951&amp;amp;embedded=true&amp;amp;cic=RUMSEY%7E8%7E1&amp;amp;widgetFormat=javascript&amp;amp;widgetType=workspace&amp;amp;controls=1&amp;amp;nsip=1" frameborder="0" width="800" height="600"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Nation (United States)</text>
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        <name>Bodies of Water</name>
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      <tag tagId="492">
        <name>Christopher Columbus</name>
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      <tag tagId="55">
        <name>colonial power</name>
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      <tag tagId="60">
        <name>Colonization</name>
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      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>color</name>
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      <tag tagId="63">
        <name>compass rose</name>
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        <name>covered wagons</name>
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        <name>Declaration of Independence</name>
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        <name>discovery</name>
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        <name>Europe</name>
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        <name>Gettysburg Address</name>
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        <name>historic sites</name>
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        <name>history</name>
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        <name>invention</name>
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        <name>manifest destiny</name>
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        <name>migration</name>
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        <name>monuments</name>
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        <name>native americans</name>
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        <name>progress</name>
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        <name>Railroads</name>
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        <name>seals</name>
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      <tag tagId="489">
        <name>ships</name>
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        <name>travel</name>
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        <name>United States</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="495">
                  <text>National Narratives in Pictorial Maps, 1929-1939</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This collection explores American pictorial maps from the 1930s. Their modes of representation and their content may differ, but they all represent an attempt at shaping and responding to contemporary national identity. Depicted beside and beneath the map's ostensible themes (food, natural resources, American history), is more subliminal messaging about race and American identity. The aesthetics of the maps vary, but they all depict the United States in approximately the same scale and style.&amp;nbsp;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In my project, I hope to explore the arguments these maps were making. Further questions include: why was there an uptick in pictorial map making in this time? More broadly, how does the form of these pictorial maps relate to their function? What does the publishing power behind these maps -- one map was privately published, two were published by large food companies -- mean? How do these maps fit in to the larger historiographical discussion on the creation and consumption of culture during the 1930s? What is the connection to the Great Depression?&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Map of the Gifts of Nature to America</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="528">
                <text>Kellogg Company</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529">
                <text>David Rumsey Historical Map Collection</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Kellogg Company</text>
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                <text>1934</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This 1934 pictorial map was created by the Kellogg Company. The titular "Gifts of Nature" refers to agricultural plenty, but the map also depicts historical sites, industry, and Native American tribes. Also shown are railroad lines, migration routes, and recreation. Insets on both sides of the map, as well as near the Great Lakes, connect these "gifts" to the development of the Kelloggs Company. The narrative begins with Native Americans, then depicts the original home of Kelloggs, then moves on to facts about the company's industrial prowess as well as a picture of the enormous Kellogg plant. The trajectory of this narrative advances an argument for progress and success: white dominance, homegrown business, and industrialization.&#13;
This narrative is supported by imagery throughout the map, as when Native American tribes are represented by tomahawks. Additionally, large labels throughout the map define swathes of land by their agricultural output: "The Heart of the Corn Country," "The Land of Cotton," etc. This indicates that the land itself has a destiny: to support the American people (specifically, through their consumption of Kelloggs!). Interestingly, the only human forms depicted are those of cowboys in the southwest. &#13;
Of the maps in this collection, this is the one that advances the most explicit commercial argument. </text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Nation (United States)</text>
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        <name>agriculture</name>
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        <name>Bodies of Water</name>
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        <name>cattle</name>
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      <tag tagId="25">
        <name>color</name>
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        <name>commerce</name>
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      <tag tagId="481">
        <name>corn</name>
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        <name>corn flakes!</name>
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        <name>cotton</name>
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        <name>food</name>
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        <name>Railroads</name>
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        <name>religion</name>
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        <name>tomahawks</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Tourism, Proximity and British Perceptions of France and Germany Before the First World War</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
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                  <text>This collection explores British perceptions of France and Germany before the First World War, and how they were influenced by proximity, both in terms of simple distance and in terms of how easy it was to travel there. There are four elements (one of which isn't a historical map). &lt;br /&gt;The first is a graphical representation of the quickest routes from London to different places in Europe, as advised by Thomas Cook and Son travel agents in 1913, and how long it would take to travel to each destination. These graphs give us a sense of how far places in Europe actually were from London in 1913 (admittedly a limited sense given I haven’t found useful information on the prices of these journeys, or how many times a day they ran). They also show which places routes ran through, thus showing which places travelllers would be familiar with simply by having to frequently pass through.&lt;br /&gt;The second map is a cartoon map of Europe made in 1900. It supposedly shows the different countries responding to Britain’s war in South Africa. It is interesting for how France—at the time far from an ally—is shown as far less threatening than Germany, which in turn is less threatening than Russia. It is interesting to apply information from the previous element to this one (if we assume that travel patterns in Europe had not radically changed between 1900 and 1913). The relative proximity of France, and number of routes through Paris, perhaps meant that more people had been there, and did not find it excessively foreign or sinister, while the distantness of Russia (Moscow is 102 hours from London) arguably result in it being depicted as a terrifying, autocratic octopus (a depiction surely grounded in common British stereotypes and attitudes). &lt;br /&gt;The third element seeks to answer a question posed by the comparison of the first and second. The first element shows that Germany was not very distant, and that many routes passed through it, especially through Cologne. Yet the second shows that Germany seemed to be more foreign and threatening than France. The third element is a map of Europe made in 1880. It labels western Germany—the Rhineland that accounts for so many nodes in the first element—“Germany,” and the rest of the German Empire “Prussia.” While it was probably the result of parsimonious atlas makers reusing pre-unification plates, the existence of such a map (and of other examples, which are hyperlinked), suggests that the British maintained a mental distinction between the Germany they encountered and the threatening, militaristic Prussia they did not. Either that map echoes a distinction that was already salient, or it and others helped to create or maintain such a distinction. It is no accident that Germany is represented in element two by the Kaiser eagerly stockpiling battleships, echoing a pre-unification cartoon map of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, in which that state is embodied by the Kaiser and an armed and dangerous Bismark.&lt;br /&gt;The last element is a fragment of a map of Paris from an English language guidebook published in 1878. It gives us a loose sense of what sort of places would have grounded British perceptions of the French capital. Specifically, government buildings feature prominently, suggesting that visiting Paris in some way entailed visiting the French state, and perhaps coming to understand it as similar to the British state. One might wonder whether visitors to Berlin would have had the same response to the German state, had many people visited Berlin.</text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>Frederick W. Rose (original sketch)</text>
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              <text>Matthew B. Hewerdine</text>
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          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>individual map</text>
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          <name>Format notes</name>
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              <text>49 x 70cm</text>
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        <element elementId="194">
          <name>Repository</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA dcu</text>
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          <name>Call Number</name>
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              <text>G5701.S1 1900 .R6</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g5701s.ct002860"&gt;http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g5701s.ct002860&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&amp;amp;searchArg=2010587002&amp;amp;searchType=1&amp;amp;recCount=10"&gt;https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&amp;amp;searchArg=2010587002&amp;amp;searchType=1&amp;amp;recCount=10&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>John Bull and his friends: a serio-comic map of Europe</text>
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                <text>Frederick W. Rose</text>
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                <text>G.W. Bacon &amp; Co., Ltd., London</text>
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                <text>This British cartoon map of Europe paints a belligerently nationalistic view of diplomatic relations in 1900. John Bull, Britain personified, is swatting away two cats -- Boer troops resisting British rule in South Africa -- while the rest of Europe condemns or conspires against him. What is significant about this map is the way that France is portrayed as less sinister than Germany, which is less sinister than Russia. While Marianne is shown looking glumly at broken toys labelled with the names of political and diplomatic incidents, Germany is represented by the Kaiser in uniform stockpiling battleships and exports, and Russia is an octopus with the Czar at its centre. One could argue that proximity is the defining factor: France is close to England and had perhaps been visited by the artist and his expected reader. Russia on the other hand is a very long way away, and thus understandably more sinister. Germany is between the two.</text>
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                  <text>Tourism, Proximity and British Perceptions of France and Germany Before the First World War</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores British perceptions of France and Germany before the First World War, and how they were influenced by proximity, both in terms of simple distance and in terms of how easy it was to travel there. There are four elements (one of which isn't a historical map). &lt;br /&gt;The first is a graphical representation of the quickest routes from London to different places in Europe, as advised by Thomas Cook and Son travel agents in 1913, and how long it would take to travel to each destination. These graphs give us a sense of how far places in Europe actually were from London in 1913 (admittedly a limited sense given I haven’t found useful information on the prices of these journeys, or how many times a day they ran). They also show which places routes ran through, thus showing which places travelllers would be familiar with simply by having to frequently pass through.&lt;br /&gt;The second map is a cartoon map of Europe made in 1900. It supposedly shows the different countries responding to Britain’s war in South Africa. It is interesting for how France—at the time far from an ally—is shown as far less threatening than Germany, which in turn is less threatening than Russia. It is interesting to apply information from the previous element to this one (if we assume that travel patterns in Europe had not radically changed between 1900 and 1913). The relative proximity of France, and number of routes through Paris, perhaps meant that more people had been there, and did not find it excessively foreign or sinister, while the distantness of Russia (Moscow is 102 hours from London) arguably result in it being depicted as a terrifying, autocratic octopus (a depiction surely grounded in common British stereotypes and attitudes). &lt;br /&gt;The third element seeks to answer a question posed by the comparison of the first and second. The first element shows that Germany was not very distant, and that many routes passed through it, especially through Cologne. Yet the second shows that Germany seemed to be more foreign and threatening than France. The third element is a map of Europe made in 1880. It labels western Germany—the Rhineland that accounts for so many nodes in the first element—“Germany,” and the rest of the German Empire “Prussia.” While it was probably the result of parsimonious atlas makers reusing pre-unification plates, the existence of such a map (and of other examples, which are hyperlinked), suggests that the British maintained a mental distinction between the Germany they encountered and the threatening, militaristic Prussia they did not. Either that map echoes a distinction that was already salient, or it and others helped to create or maintain such a distinction. It is no accident that Germany is represented in element two by the Kaiser eagerly stockpiling battleships, echoing a pre-unification cartoon map of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, in which that state is embodied by the Kaiser and an armed and dangerous Bismark.&lt;br /&gt;The last element is a fragment of a map of Paris from an English language guidebook published in 1878. It gives us a loose sense of what sort of places would have grounded British perceptions of the French capital. Specifically, government buildings feature prominently, suggesting that visiting Paris in some way entailed visiting the French state, and perhaps coming to understand it as similar to the British state. One might wonder whether visitors to Berlin would have had the same response to the German state, had many people visited Berlin.</text>
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                <text>Routes from London to Europe in 1913</text>
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                <text>&lt;iframe src="https://fusiontables.google.com/embedviz?containerId=googft-gviz-canvas&amp;amp;viz=GVIZ&amp;amp;t=GRAPH&amp;amp;gc=false&amp;amp;gd=true&amp;amp;sdb=1&amp;amp;rmax=100000&amp;amp;q=select+col0%2C+col7%2C+col5+from+1fBAMI2aR3EbXZNfk-f38gQ2HwkSewgOkoCCAcD62&amp;amp;qrs=+where+col0+%3E%3D+&amp;amp;qre=+and+col0+%3C%3D+&amp;amp;qe=&amp;amp;uiversion=2&amp;amp;state=%7B%22ps%22%3A%221_n_r_6_j_-1i_-1a_6_-h_1d_1a_2o_t_5_-1p_n_1f_32_5_1m_14_-1h_o_-7_h_4_c_1y_u_3n_a_e_2j_-n_y_-i_-2n_0_12_25_h_-w_p_12_3z_13_1_1r_1g_g_-s_-2_l_-25_1d_i_-19_16_1e_2e_-4_w_-19_7_18_w_14_1v_-2x_-z_9_-2x_-3a_1q_-33_-1r_k_-38_c_17_m_-g_t_1z_1_1h_-1b_-f_s_1y_q_v_-h_-e_z_5_13_1p_-9_-22_1k_2_-1p_1i_-2d_-2_7_-1i_1u_b_-1i_-2o_1y_-2n_n_f_1k_-m_1d_4p_5_1r_-2m_-1z_d_39_-1h_19_3d_15_2_2a_g_1o_20_-n_r_1s_b_1b_27_1y_1c_6_-z_p_h_1g_3_1e_w_1n_f_-26_16_-m_-1u_1g_-13_-26_1l_x_-2b_x_-b_-u_1j_-2d_-u_20_-1t_-4_15_-44_-21_c_-w_-3e_10_-18_-3e_24_-2e_-2d_q_-24_-2j_1u_-3y_-10_1s_-3g_-2g_8_-3r_-3n_a_-3f_-42_1t_-47_-4a_m_-2v_25_1w_-1r_-1x_21_-2c_e_1x_-3q_-f_13_4f_1r_26_5f_5_11_4q_1d_14_-4u_-28_1z_3t_-20_28_-f_-3i_23_-2a_-1m_29_-4_-3g_27_5_-38_22_-4r_-x_25_-3e_2s_%22%2C%22cx%22%3A-1.5391183057145374%2C%22cy%22%3A-53.24651890508633%2C%22sw%22%3A550.2011015371776%2C%22sh%22%3A472.21309493299816%2C%22z%22%3A0.7490675379202794%7D&amp;amp;gco_forceIFrame=true&amp;amp;gco_hasLabelsColumn=true&amp;amp;width=500&amp;amp;height=300" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" width="500" height="300"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>This network graph has as its nodes points at which passengers would embark or disembark trains or boats on long journeys from London to various European destinations, as advised by the table of quickest routes in the index of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cook's Continental Time Table.&lt;/em&gt; One can trace the quickest journey back to London by clicking on any destination and following the arrows. This graph shows how British travellers to Europe did so overwhelmingly via a small number of places -- most notably Paris but also Cologne and Basel ("Bale" in the time table). Thus we can see that France, and the French state as encountered in Paris, was very familiar to British travellers. And while the Rhineland was familiar, Prussia and Berlin were distant and passed through relatively seldom.</text>
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                <text>&lt;iframe src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1YXwrcaGqE6rjLcXjIMt34FIvRSccrRPqnReyI5N6hR0/pubchart?oid=1122356638&amp;amp;format=interactive" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="371"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>This map shows most of the data points on the network graph on a modern map of Europe, with the size and colour of the dots indicating distance in hours from London as indicated in Cook's Time Table. Regrettably, to allow Google's geotagging feature to work, it uses modern place names and country names. Those points with more than one dot represent multiple routes taking longer or shorter amounts of time. This kind of scale gives one a more meaningful sense of how far different places in Europe were from London, and thus perhaps how distant and foreign they seemed to British people before the First World War.</text>
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                <text>Compiled from data in &lt;a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021229151;view=1up;seq=1"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cook's Continental Time Table, Steamship and Air Services, &lt;/em&gt;1913.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Data Visualization</text>
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                <text>2016</text>
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                <text>Continental (but neither of these are historical maps)</text>
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        <name>Britain</name>
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        <name>railways</name>
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        <name>transportation network</name>
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                  <text>Chinese Qing Empire's Mapping of the Northwestern Border</text>
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                  <text>This collection is a series of Chinese Qing Empire (1644-1911)’s maps on its north-western borderline from the 18th century to 19th century. These maps show how the Qing Empire manipulated power on the newly conquered territory and how the Empire gradually failed its competition on territory with the Russian Empire (1721–1917). The time span of this collection covers the period of transformation in late imperial China: Western ideas and techniques were introduced, and the Chinese court and literati gradually tried to assimilate them into traditional framework of knowledge. The case of maps and cartography was no exception. In my final project, I plan to explore how the court and literati used and perceived maps. </text>
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              <text>https://lccn.loc.gov/gm71002481&#13;
http://digitalatlas.ascdc.sinica.edu.tw/map_detail.jsp?id=A103000048</text>
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              <text>Li Zhaoluo</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Qing Empire's Complete Map of All Under Heaven&#13;
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Li Zhaoluo</text>
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                <text>Li Zhaoluo</text>
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                <text>The Qing Empire under Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735-1795) was an age of expansion. After conquering the New Domination at the west, the Emperor sent missionaries there to do surveys. In 1761, basing on new surveys and the previous national map made under Emperor Kangxi regime (r. 1661-1722), missionaries finished a new map on the whole Qing Empire with longitude and latitude. This map is later called Imperial atlas of the Imperial Secretariat from the Qianlong Reign. Since this map is usually kept in the Imperial Secretariat, few people could see it.&#13;
&#13;
However, Dong Youcheng managed to copy the Qianlong map, and Li Zhaoluo later compiled and published this copy in 1832. This newly published map is named “Qing Empire's Complete Map of All Under Heaven.” This map combines the Western geographic coordinate system and the grid system used in traditional Chinese cartography.</text>
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                <text>Territories of the Chineses Qing Empire (around the later 18th century)</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>This collection is a series of Chinese Qing Empire (1644-1911)’s maps on its north-western borderline from the 18th century to 19th century. These maps show how the Qing Empire manipulated power on the newly conquered territory and how the Empire gradually failed its competition on territory with the Russian Empire (1721–1917). The time span of this collection covers the period of transformation in late imperial China: Western ideas and techniques were introduced, and the Chinese court and literati gradually tried to assimilate them into traditional framework of knowledge. The case of maps and cartography was no exception. In my final project, I plan to explore how the court and literati used and perceived maps. </text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="196">
          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="501">
              <text>https://lccn.loc.gov/gm71005082&#13;
http://digitalatlas.asdc.sinica.edu.tw/map_detail.jsp?id=A103000028</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="199">
          <name>Date Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="502">
              <text>1890</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="200">
          <name>Date Depicted</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="503">
              <text>1884</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="188">
          <name>Cartographer</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1171">
              <text>Unknown</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="189">
          <name>Engraver</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1172">
              <text>Unknown</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="190">
          <name>Lithographer</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1173">
              <text>Unknown</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="496">
                <text>Map of the Borderlines of China and Russia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="497">
                <text>This map, named The Map of the Borderlines of China and Russia, is a selected translation from one 1884 Russian map. Hong Jun (1839-1893), who had been the Qing Empire’s emissary, bought the original map in Russia and translated place names into Chinese.  His purpose of translation was to make use of Russian’s accurate survey on the borders, roads, and landscapes. The maps of the Russian Empire and the Qing Empire calculate the longitude in a different way. (For Russia, the zero degrees longitude line passes Moscow; for China, it passes Beijing.) Therefore, Hong Jun offers the method to make conversions in the map’s notes.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="498">
                <text>Hong Jun </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="499">
                <text>1890</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="500">
                <text>Chinese</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1170">
                <text>The vast areas adjacent to the borderline of China and Russia </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="71">
        <name>borderlines</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="197">
        <name>borders - district</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="196">
        <name>borders - national</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="54">
        <name>Hydronym</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="100">
        <name>lakes</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="5">
        <name>mountains</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="52">
        <name>Place Names</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="7">
        <name>rivers</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="170" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="183">
        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/d933848d9287627f847edea6ae91acc5.jpg</src>
        <authentication>6b7b3fa0677a8e4368db1dd238f28908</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="7">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="462">
                  <text>Crimea</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="690">
                  <text>Mapping Crimea. The maps in this collection will serve as a starting point for exploring the differences in the  representation of Crimea on tourist maps between the 1960s and today. </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1444">
                  <text>Lucie R</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="188">
          <name>Cartographer</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="491">
              <text>Artsiss, A.L., Kurdina, G.P., Malyshenko, A.G. </text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="191">
          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="492">
              <text>Individual map</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="196">
          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="493">
              <text>http://hollis.harvard.edu/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=HVD&amp;search_scope=default_scope&amp;docId=HVD_ALEPH008554662&amp;fn=permalink</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="199">
          <name>Date Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="494">
              <text>1967</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="192">
          <name>Format notes</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="962">
              <text>Scale of the central map is 1:600.000&#13;
Scale of the smaller maps in the margins is 1:2.500.000</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="193">
          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="963">
              <text>Harvard Library Map Collection</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="485">
                <text>Krymskaia oblastʹ, fizicheskaia uchebnaia karta</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="486">
                <text>Kurdina, G. P.;&#13;
Malyshenko, A. G.;&#13;
Artsiss, A. L.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487">
                <text>Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii (GUGK)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="488">
                <text>1967</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="489">
                <text>Russian</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="490">
                <text>Hollis Number 008554662 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="751">
                <text>A 'physical educational map' (физическая учебная карта) of the Crimean peninsula, featuring three smaller maps (a climate map, a soil map and a vegetation map). The legend includes cities, boundaries, roads and railroads, natural resources and touristic attractions (relating to the history, culture and nature of Crimea). On the right side of the map, all the tourist attractions (museums, monuments, obelisks, ruins, palaces, etc.) are listed per city. The density of the features is particularly high on the southern part of the peninsula.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="455">
        <name>Azov Sea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="447">
        <name>Black Sea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="460">
        <name>Borders</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="461">
        <name>Botanical gardens</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="437">
        <name>Caves</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="154">
        <name>Cities</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="456">
        <name>Climate</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="454">
        <name>Crimea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="433">
        <name>Health resorts</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="261">
        <name>monuments</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="457">
        <name>Natural resources</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="438">
        <name>Railroads</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="459">
        <name>Tourist attractions</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="458">
        <name>Vegetation</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
