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                  <text>More Known Unknowns: Mapping Environmental Damage from the Chernobyl Disaster</text>
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                <text>Karta radiat︠s︡ionnoĭ obstanovki na territorii evropeĭskoĭ chasti SSSR po sostoi︠a︡nii︠u︡ na dekabrʹ 1990 goda : plotnostʹ zagri︠a︡znenii︠a︡ mestnosti stront︠s︡iem-90 : masshtab 1:500 000 (part IV - Kyiv)</text>
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                <text>Historical map</text>
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                <text>Institut prikladnoĭ geofiziki imeni akademika E.K. Fedorova</text>
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                <text>1991</text>
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                <text>This map shows the spread of Strontium-90 contamination in the area surrounding Kyiv in December 1990. It is one of a set of four Soviet-produced maps showing strontium contamination from the same point in time. They were produced by the State Committee for Hydrometrology and Control of Natural Resources of the Soviet Union, which was in charge of producing contamination maps twice a year.&#13;
&#13;
An earlier version of the map served as the basis for the IAEA's map, in terms of contamination data. However, the two maps are very different in their portrayals of natural features, roads, and other basic elements of the map. In the process of verifying Soviet environmental monitoring data, the IAEA scientists instead often were faced with the task of reconciling two (or more) different basic accounts of the territory itself, and the level of contamination it contained.</text>
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                  <text>More Known Unknowns: Mapping Environmental Damage from the Chernobyl Disaster</text>
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                <text>Karta radiat︠s︡ionnoĭ obstanovki na territorii evropeĭskoĭ chasti SSSR po sostoi︠a︡nii︠u︡ na dekabrʹ 1990 goda : plotnostʹ zagri︠a︡znenii︠a︡ mestnosti t︠s︡eziem-137 : masshtab 1:500 000</text>
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                <text>1991</text>
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                <text>This key refers to other maps that depict the extent of contamination from the Chernobyl disaster. Interestingly, it indicates that maps of Cesium-137 distribution were much more detailed than those of Strontium-90 from the same month and year; while only four maps were used to represent the contaminated territory, this document suggests that many more were produced to cover the same area for the Cesium maps.&#13;
&#13;
While it does not itself provide this information, it points to two important things: first, the state of published knowledge about contamination from the accident at a pivotal historical moment; and second the extent of relevant territory for those who made the maps. While I have not (yet) located the other maps, this document serves as a baseline for further research.</text>
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                  <text>Britain Colonial Mapping of Western Palestine in the Ottoman period  </text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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                <text>Key to Palestine Map</text>
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                <text>Key accompanying Composite Map of Western Palestine by the PEF</text>
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                <text>Keys, Signs, and Measurements</text>
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                <text>This layer includes the map's keys (one for symbols, one for determining water depth), latitude and longitude lines, and significant place names. This layer would have been essential for contemporary readers, especially ones with no first hand knowledge of the space represented. By connecting the maps detail with its use of standard European map tropes, readers could contextualize and situate the land depicted in the map. </text>
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                  <text>Economic Development of the Tennessee River Region</text>
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                  <text>This collections seeks to understand how different entities depict the Tennessee River Valley region through mapping.  The three maps included are made by three government organizations with profoundly different purposes.  The analysis focuses on how natural features, rivers, lakes, and mountains, are represented.  These different styles of representation indicate the different points of view of each different agency when it comes to developing the same landscape.  Thus, these maps visually represent both the landscape and the economic potential of the region.</text>
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                <text>U.S.G.S. (U.S. Geological Survey)</text>
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                <text>This large-scale topographic map covers the region between Knoxville, TN and Asheville, NC.  As an official U.S.G.S., the map makes claims to objectively representing the landscape through topography.  The consistency of representation across such a large region makes the map more difficult to read than a small-scale or pictorial map.&#13;
&#13;
Great Smoky Mountain National Park is not depicted in a different color, but is labelled by text.  All the cities are made the same fluorescent orange color.  Roads are the same color red on both the white and green background.&#13;
&#13;
Despite the consistency of representation across the entire landscape, the choices of the U.S.G.S. mapmakers still indicate a hierarchy of landscape.  The "Great Smoky Mountain National Park" text is at least as large as the "Knoxville" toponym and spaced out to cover the large area which highlights the spatial importance of the mountain region.  The orange color represents "populated places" according to the key, which would then imply that people only live in this landscape in named cities; the rest is untouched natural wilderness.  The red roads contrast more with the white background as opposed to the green, which emphasizes the presence of road in non-forested places and tends to hide them in the green area.&#13;
&#13;
The faith to the scale of the natural features places lakes over rivers in the visual hierarchy.  Lakes are blue polygons, rivers are small blue lines winding among the brown contour lines.  Nonetheless, the water features of significance, lakes, rivers and ponds, are all represented on the map.</text>
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                <text>Army Map Service (AMTV), Corps of Engineers</text>
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                  <text>Crimea</text>
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                  <text>Mapping Crimea. The maps in this collection will serve as a starting point for exploring the differences in the  representation of Crimea on tourist maps between the 1960s and today. </text>
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              <text>Individual map</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>http://hollis.harvard.edu/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=HVD&amp;search_scope=default_scope&amp;docId=HVD_ALEPH010005566&amp;fn=permalink</text>
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          <name>Date Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>[196-]</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="193">
          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Harvard Library Map Collection</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="464">
                <text>Krym, turistskaia skhema</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="465">
                <text>Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii (GUGK)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii (GUGK)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>[196-]</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Russian</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="469">
                <text>HOLLIS number: 010005566</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="484">
                <text>Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii (GUGK)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>A tourist map of the Crimean peninsula, which (only) includes 'tourist centers', caves, mineral sources, touring car centers, gas stations and garages in the legend. In the lower half of this map, 23 sightseeing points are listed. This list includes little drawings of each of those tourist attractions. Little drawings of vegetation, fruit and agricultural activity are  pictured all over the landmass.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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        <name>agriculture</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>Black Sea</name>
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      <tag tagId="154">
        <name>Cities</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="454">
        <name>Crimea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="463">
        <name>Garages</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="464">
        <name>Gas stations</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="465">
        <name>Mineral sources</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="5">
        <name>mountains</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="432">
        <name>Roads</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="466">
        <name>Tourcar stations</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="117">
        <name>tourism</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>Tourist attractions</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="444">
        <name>Tourist offices</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
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        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/d933848d9287627f847edea6ae91acc5.jpg</src>
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        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Crimea</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="690">
                  <text>Mapping Crimea. The maps in this collection will serve as a starting point for exploring the differences in the  representation of Crimea on tourist maps between the 1960s and today. </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1444">
                  <text>Lucie R</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="188">
          <name>Cartographer</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Artsiss, A.L., Kurdina, G.P., Malyshenko, A.G. </text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="191">
          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Individual map</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="196">
          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="493">
              <text>http://hollis.harvard.edu/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=HVD&amp;search_scope=default_scope&amp;docId=HVD_ALEPH008554662&amp;fn=permalink</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="199">
          <name>Date Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="494">
              <text>1967</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="192">
          <name>Format notes</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="962">
              <text>Scale of the central map is 1:600.000&#13;
Scale of the smaller maps in the margins is 1:2.500.000</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="193">
          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="963">
              <text>Harvard Library Map Collection</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="485">
                <text>Krymskaia oblastʹ, fizicheskaia uchebnaia karta</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Kurdina, G. P.;&#13;
Malyshenko, A. G.;&#13;
Artsiss, A. L.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="487">
                <text>Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii (GUGK)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>1967</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Russian</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="490">
                <text>Hollis Number 008554662 </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="751">
                <text>A 'physical educational map' (физическая учебная карта) of the Crimean peninsula, featuring three smaller maps (a climate map, a soil map and a vegetation map). The legend includes cities, boundaries, roads and railroads, natural resources and touristic attractions (relating to the history, culture and nature of Crimea). On the right side of the map, all the tourist attractions (museums, monuments, obelisks, ruins, palaces, etc.) are listed per city. The density of the features is particularly high on the southern part of the peninsula.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="455">
        <name>Azov Sea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="447">
        <name>Black Sea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="460">
        <name>Borders</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="461">
        <name>Botanical gardens</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="437">
        <name>Caves</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="154">
        <name>Cities</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="456">
        <name>Climate</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="454">
        <name>Crimea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="433">
        <name>Health resorts</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="261">
        <name>monuments</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="457">
        <name>Natural resources</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="438">
        <name>Railroads</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="459">
        <name>Tourist attractions</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="458">
        <name>Vegetation</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
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    <fileContainer>
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      <name>Map layer</name>
      <description/>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="88">
                <text>Land and water boundaries</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="89">
                <text>In his map, Vespucci does not distinguish between countries or within land masses by lines. Instead, the lines on the map show the enge of land and how it borders with water, primarily oceans and seas. I have also included rivers in this layer because they are often shown as blending into the sea and cut into the land. The coastlines and riverbanks are the key feature of the map instead of more detail (cities etc) within the land. This is an important layer when the physical geographic information of the map is shown. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="242">
        <name>absence of political boundaries</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="47">
        <name>coastlines</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="241">
        <name>continental borders</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="240">
        <name>delta</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="250">
        <name>IC</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="48">
        <name>Islands</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="184">
        <name>oceans</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="7">
        <name>rivers</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="239">
        <name>seas</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="19" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="200">
        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/32c3b85546eea1414b0cdcbb6d431f9f.jpg</src>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="18">
      <name>Map layer</name>
      <description/>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="39">
                <text>Land Status</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="40">
                <text>This layer contains the map's depiction of land status, as represented by owner. It divides the land represented into either Spanish, English, and American possessions or "unknown land." This layer represents the purpose behind the map -- expanding and evaluating Spanish holdings in America. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="33" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="56">
        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/d1c2bb1f6a03a583813b61d1a9641856.jpg</src>
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    <collection collectionId="1">
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="51">
                  <text>Map Tracings</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="1422">
                  <text>[]</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="18">
      <name>Map layer</name>
      <description/>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69">
                <text>Land/water</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="70">
                <text>This layer contains the contours of the land that is pictured on the map. Naturally, those contours delineate the water spaces on the map as well. This layer is important because I think it is the base layer for the rest of the features of the map. It is the 'spatial starting point' for all of the other layers.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="71">
                <text>Metadata</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="60">
        <name>Colonization</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="100">
        <name>lakes</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="45">
        <name>Land</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="7">
        <name>rivers</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="99">
        <name>sea</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="98">
        <name>the New World</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
