17 10 258 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/12a9e8018aa29ee8a3cd68f219d2f90b.jpg 1cd4d62e5dbd55b5557f13430cbdbc7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map layer 2 - Trees & Forests Description An account of the resource Containing patches of trees to represent forests, this layer is interesting because it shows potential areas to be navigated around, used as possible protection, or used to acquire building resources. As depicted in the multi-perspectival illustrations, fortifications and colonial construction used timber. construction materials proportions of forests resources timber trade trees https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/9906bf2548bc6392837af91830806a61.jpg 130c09b0375932e82d44843539f9f86a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map layer 3 - Animals Description An account of the resource Containing small illustrations of creatures, this layer is interesting because it reflects another type of commodity for use as a trade resource: fur. Here we see bears, foxes, beavers, etc. To me, it can also depict a level of artistic play that the cartographer seemed to represent and embody. animals economic struture fur trade materials resources trade network https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/79e3bea854c780d384a09d8344974755.jpg d12ea14eb837acc6ac3ef57780544ee6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map layer 4 - Fortifications and Colonies Description An account of the resource Containing areas of settlement, this layer is fascinating because when isolated, it more clearly suggests purposes behind the accumulated locations. These reasons may include aesthetic preferences or for strategic (military or for trade) uses. colonial power colonies fortifications settlements urban environment https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/d77b22f43c6a3cc78778645eda2d644d.jpg 249e0370f3faebbd0e1e3da97cd8c8c9 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elevation Description An account of the resource Elevation above sea level is marked by shading in four degrees, with darker colors indicating areas of higher elevation. green mountain ranges navigability Topography waterways https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/a8a3d80cac4610462e7ac7d81ebb26f2.jpg c82f0a1729dc2c6e72b5d86045bc13a3 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource National, regional, and district borders Description An account of the resource National and regional (oblast') borders, as well as borders lower-level divisions (okrugi, Ukrainian okruhy) are marked with colored lines offset by complimentary shading. administrative divisions borders - district borders - national cultural contact political divisions https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/7b9acc20c0be774dd8f5c4f818a4dbd7.jpg 2c571b7883379a6e80c4630a12ce7090 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Major cities and towns; major rivers Description An account of the resource Major cities and towns are marked with large pink stars; major rivers are marked in blue and labeled. major cities regional centers settlements transportation hubs waterways https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/611d1c924cb01d341262e912696cec9a.jpg 217053d58b5bdcdc47223b2469bfe7d5 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transportation routes Description An account of the resource Railways and flight routes are marked with pencil; railways are marked with hatched lines and flight paths are marked with dotted lines. green mountain range terrain Topography waterways https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/a441045fe84258d825be8a0b479d84c4.jpg 0a9f4cc3a7f86c0c6019df2a0b00f247 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Color Washes Description An account of the resource This layer contains a wash of three distinct colors: bright red for free states, dark blue-gray for slave states, and green for territories that were, as the map’s title calls it, “open to slavery or freedom by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise” of 1854. This layer encapsulates what I find to be the central object of the map as a whole, which is to use abstraction to convey a political message. The color washes appear to have been applied by a distracted artist rather than a fastidious cartographer. For instance, the colors spill over lines liberally—Long Island Sound or the loose splashes over Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard provide good examples. There is almost the sense that the cartographer accidentally spilled buckets of paint over the map. This looseness plays into how the abstract colors represent political ideology rather than distinct geographic features. In conveying that political message, the mapmakers made distinct choices in color choice. Coloring the slave states a dark blue-gray gives the impression that the slave power is as a storm cloud that darkens and encroaches upon the innocent, natural greenness of the unclaimed territories. This dark coloring of slavery also has the effect of connoting immorality, especially in contrast to the bright, chipper cherry red of the free states. Moreover, the dark blue has the effect of making it extremely difficult to discern the natural features, like rivers, in the slave states—a fact that I learned the hard way in my tracing. I contend that this obfuscation of natural features is intentional; the mapmakers seek to prove in obscuring the rivers and mountains that slavery is unnatural and counter to the ideals of the land that the red and green colors highlight so much more clearly and favorably. Analytical Tag: Kansas Nebraska Act Analytical Tag: Repeal of Missouri Compromise Analytical Tag: Westward Expansion General Content: red green and blue General Content: Slavery and Freedom General Content: Watercolor https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/8373385d21f999e3b4753051c9f11ae1.jpg a226dceb59222951a05e6520c9b5df35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource State and Territory Names Description An account of the resource One of the things I noticed in exploring this map is that although state boundary lines are almost indiscernible, state and territory place names hold an outsize importance in the visual hierarchy. The text for state and territory names is in an imposing, block letter font and all capitals and seems unusually large and bold. This boldness creates an imposing quality that leaves obvious fingerprints of an obstreperous intervention into the natural space of rivers and colors. I argue that this mechanical, intrusive quality is an intentional attempt to show how man-made political divisions are at odds with the natural landscape of rivers. To put it broadly, I see a conflict between the natural and man-made features of the map. I see the overbearing text size and the preeminence of rivers as the two primary visual layers at the forefront of this confrontation. It seems to me that the there is a parallel between the incongruent juxtaposition of natural and man-made features in the map itself and a broader conflict that was going on in the 1850s to claim the territories as either slave or free. Indeed, the clunky visual picture created by the place name fonts stands in stark contrast to the cleanness and order of the Missouri Compromise negative space, which smoothly sleuths across the territories. I argue that this visual confrontation mirrors the map-maker’s opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, especially in contrast to the order and stability that the Missouri Compromise ensured, at least according to Republicans at the time. After all, opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act precipitated the formation of the Republican Party, and this map was produced as a piece of pro-Republican election propaganda for the 1856 presidential election. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context General Content: State names General Content: Territory names General Content Tag: Uppercase letters Analytical Tag: Large font size Analytical Tag: Imposing political divisions on the land https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/bdeacb897c92da576d3fcdfda82b4ee3.jpg 6ef796c63999032edf9567f26cd4a01f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map Tracings Description An account of the resource [] Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mountains Description An account of the resource At first, the mountains appear to be a relatively unimportant feature of the map, and it is true that they occupy relatively little physical space on the page. The mountains that are represented are done so in a way that connects them in continuous ranges that snake along the surface of the map. The way that they flow and join together is reminiscent of rivers. Indeed, there is a connection between the smoothness of the mountains and the prominence of the rivers in the map’s hierarchy. Both illustrate an intent on the part of the mapmaker to present a smoothness and naturalness of the American landscape. One of the central ideas of the map is that slavery’s expansion is at odds with the natural land. The smooth mountains play a central role in demonstrating this argument. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context General Content: Hand-drawn General Content: Topographical feature General Content: Mountains Analytical Tag: Natural Unity of Country Analytical Tag: Connecting regions of country