25 10 258 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/32c3b85546eea1414b0cdcbb6d431f9f.jpg 5ac9dc430a56538b75ba6043a384ad40 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Land Status Description An account of the resource This layer contains the map's depiction of land status, as represented by owner. It divides the land represented into either Spanish, English, and American possessions or "unknown land." This layer represents the purpose behind the map -- expanding and evaluating Spanish holdings in America. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/382fdea24d5cb14907e3c9f72bc4f2d3.jpg 1d956c3814d4bae8c01c5dffd501c173 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Keys, Signs, and Measurements Description An account of the resource This layer includes the map's keys (one for symbols, one for determining water depth), latitude and longitude lines, and significant place names. This layer would have been essential for contemporary readers, especially ones with no first hand knowledge of the space represented. By connecting the maps detail with its use of standard European map tropes, readers could contextualize and situate the land depicted in the map. colonial power Depth Chart Latitude Longitude Navigation https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/81fa832d918e9139ab8d10c880b56976.jpg 12d39746b2b2695e1b857e8afbb4b28c Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Inhabited Spaces Description An account of the resource This layer contains the places where people lived, in either permanent or temporary settlements. The settlements represented include both indigenous and colonial presences. A representation of these two type of settlements could give Spanish readers of the map a better sense of what land was still 'available,' and a stronger understanding of the socio-political dynamics at play in different regions. colonial power forts Indigenous claims Inhabited/ Uninhabited Land settlements https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/9024b2c84e1a3f08f57d16ded79c034f.jpg d041aee6cb3c7bf0e946d477ddcf542d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ship Routes Description An account of the resource This layer shows the routes of various voyages that are plotted on this map. All of these routes are labelled, usually with who took them and the date of the trip. Two are common Russian routes, and I have also included the ports labelled on the Kamtchatka peninsula. This layer, like the Native Presence one, adds a human element to the map, as well as a historical one. From these route lines, one can get a sense of the navigational ability of explorers at this time (from the unexplained meandering and even loop-the-loop routes) as well as of their ships' speeds based on the given dates. The mapmakers' choice to show these routes on the map draws a connection between discrete experiences and geographical knowledge, as voyages like the ones shown are what enabled Europeans to map out lands like those in the North Pacific presented on this map. focus on European exploration human presence on land notes on time and captains of voyages ports positional knowledge (level of accuracy?) ship routes https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/4c5b094d7fb2b5c7e069dc4f724c4dd0.jpg 2e6edd80bf95f5bb6f53a1282c01deeb Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Native Presence Description An account of the resource This layer shows all the information on the map related to the native peoples of the lands shown. It includes the illustrations of natives from Louisiana and Kamchatka that decorate the top of the map as well as all labels related to where different tribes live. Interestingly, native tribe lands are only noted in North America; there is no note as to which peoples live in different areas of Asia. The newly-discovered land in the center of the map, though not as information-dense as North America, does have several notes about the presence of native people. This layer is important because it adds a human presence to a map that otherwise largely describes only physical features of the land. focus on native Americans human presence on land illustrations labels of tribal lands notes on native presence https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/7544ea9846f2180c6dd88561458e3cc4.jpg 4a3a1869517218755570b3fa05237237 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rivers Description An account of the resource This layer shows the rivers shown in North America and Asia, as well as lakes (shaded in) to which inland rivers connect. Rivers (and their labels, which I have not included in this layer) make up the majority of information shown in continental interiors on this map. They are important because they indicate possible routes of travel within these continents. I have not included the rivers in the newly-discovered North Pacific land because they are drawn in with shading rather than solid lines like the Asian and North American rivers. One type of information that needs to be known more precisely before the interior of this land can be mapped like the other landmasses is where its rivers flow. lakes rivers transportation network well-defined geographic information https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/aa4d74c15c3eb85aebddaea905a64b47.jpg bf23e83f2df6fd975a28d95e09398e6d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Continent Outlines with labels referring to newly-discovered lands Description An account of the resource This layer shows the outlines of continents, both known and unknown. The only color on the map traces the known coasts of North America (yellow), Greenland and nearby land (green), and Asia (pink). The relatively unknown coasts of the land around present-day Alaska, which is the focus of the map, are not colored. Rather, all of the postulated North Pacific land is lightly shaded yellow, and some of the less-known coasts are marked with light dotted lines. I have also included on this layer the place names and notes on the land in the North Pacific because these seem to be important indicators of how this land that the map is reporting was discovered and the kind of information that is needed to clarify this indistinct landmass into a well-known continent like the other landmasses on the map with their clearly delineated and colored outlines. colored outlines and shading continent outlines geopolitical divisions notes on land content treatment of the unknown well-defined geographic information https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/e1d5e6fa0ce837cbb897c092b93b2a63.jpg 1fdacfda10a0b1ce6295d724d63e005d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Railways Description An account of the resource The railways are drawn on the map in thick lines, labelled by their destinations, and emphasised by side-on engravings of trains. In these ways they are placed ahead of other forms of transport: roads and canals are shown, but they do not specifically link Paris to other parts of France, and visually merge with the background of the map. In part this seems just to be an attempt to flag up an exciting technological innovation, and one that must have been very recent: the trains to not lead to names stations but to small, sparely depicted “embarcaderes,” which suggests that formal large railway stations had not yet been built—indeed each line leads to a different, single embarcadere. The depiction of the railways is comparable to that of the monuments (both break the 2D visual language of the map) and that of the forts, which also link Paris with areas not depicted on the map. Railways are highlighted in red on a small accompanying map of the surrounding area, which also shows nearby towns, fortifications, rivers and roads, none of which are marked in colour. It is interesting examining the interaction between the railways and the other layers—the lines circle Paris between the Murs d’Enceinte and Murs d’Octroi, and only enter central Paris to reach their terminuses, perhaps indicating which areas were most densely populated and had the most powerful residents. I ran out of tracing paper so I traced these lines on the same sheets as the Monuments. They don't overlap. artistic embellishment distribution of local power links with other regions technological development transportation https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/c4818dd7b96bc3be857a6d53faf73baf.jpg 1fdacfda10a0b1ce6295d724d63e005d Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Monuments Description An account of the resource Important monuments such as Notre Dame and the Louvre are identified by large engraved depictions, which contrast with the two-dimensional design of the map. While these pictures seem to be scaled to fit roughly in the area on the map the building they depict occupies, they still dominate the surrounding area. It is interesting to look at which buildings make the cut: functioning medieval relics such as Notre Dame and the Hôpital St. Louis, former royal palaces such as the Louvres and Tuileries, administrative buildings such as the town hall, senate and legislature, monuments to the revolution (place de la Bastille) and famous cemeteries at Montmartre and Pere Lachaise. On my layer I categorised these places accordingly. It is difficult to identify a particularly political project in this selection, though the equivalence of representation seems to tie these disparate sites together, both serving as a guide for tourists and as an expression of a unified national tradition. administrative buildings artistic embellishment national identity religious buildings tourism urban growth over time https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/a7b20e092c1c0dbd6d28a858eb651736.jpg a142eac7eb8628db0a01997bbe712eb8 Map layer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fortifications Description An account of the resource The map takes great care to pick out Paris’ fortifications. The Murs d’Enceinte, walls built in the 1840s around Paris are highlighted in orange, and forts in the Paris region, which would not fit onto the map, are included with lines indicating truncated distances. While I could find one other civilian map of Paris that similarly emphasised fortifications, the only other ones to do so are military maps. Furthermore, the Murs d’Enceinte were unpopular in Paris, as it was suspected they had been built to hem Paris in rather than to defend it. This layer is interesting when considered in relation to the railways and monuments, and the political developments in France at the time: the map was published three years after the establishment of the Second Empire, which used the memory of Napoleonic military glory to legitimise itself. In elevating Paris’ military fixtures to the level of public monuments, this map seems to be making (or perhaps accepting or reflecting) an argument for the importance of the military to Paris and to France. military national identity national politics repression truncation of distance urban limits