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                  <text>More Known Unknowns: Mapping Environmental Damage from the Chernobyl Disaster</text>
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                <text>Chernobyl Radiation Map CS-137 Today</text>
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                <text>Chernobyl Foundation</text>
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                <text>This map portrays soil contamination on the territory of Ukraine with cesium-137, a radioactive isotope, as of April 2011. Cesium-137 has a half-life of approximately 30 years (which means that 30 years after its release, half of it will have degraded and become non-radioactive). While it is not the source of the most enduring threat from the accident (other isotopes have half-lives of up to a quarter of a million years), it is one of the main contaminants affecting humans.&#13;
&#13;
While my project focuses on the use of environmental monitoring data to define the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, a 30-km radius around the accident site, the additional information provided by this map is valuable in that it shows the compromise inherent in the construction of the Zone, and the generalizations about risk that it implies. The map makes it clear that the bulk of the contamination lies closest to the accident site, but it is also made clear that other regions are by no means exempt from the threat of contamination.&#13;
&#13;
Additionally, by providing no information about contamination outside Ukraine, it defines the environmental burden of the accident's aftermath as a Ukrainian issue.</text>
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                    <text>Major Housing Developments in Chicago, 1935-1946</text>
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                    <text>The University of Chicago Library</text>
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                  <text>Mapping Exclusion</text>
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                  <text>Inequity in urban development</text>
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                  <text>This collection of maps reveal implications of early 20th century policies in U.S. cities. Specifically, underscoring the impact of redlining, interstate highway development, and urban renewal projects as mechanisms by which not only barred many from complete neighborhoods but also played a role in larger scale disinvestment for minority residents across the U.S.</text>
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                <text>Major Housing Developments in Chicago, 1935-1946</text>
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                <text>This map by the Chicago Plan Commission depicts various housing developments in Chicago built between 1935 and 1946. It includes public and private development with over 50 dwelling units. The map notes housing type and square footage area calculations. In 1909, a 328-men commission was authorized by Chicago's City Council and appointed by the Mayor. The commission was established to promote a particular city vision called the Burnham Plan.  It can also be noted that the Commission was successful in fostering support for the Plan's initiatives. Between 1912 and 1931, 86 Plan-related bond issues covering some 17 different projects were approved. Many of the publicly funded housing projects were developed during the height of the Plan's implementation. The Commission was later reorganized and subsumed into city government in 1939.</text>
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                <text>The University of Chicago Library</text>
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                <text>1946</text>
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                  <text>Britain Colonial Mapping of Western Palestine in the Ottoman period  </text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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                  <text>Detailed geographical survey of Western Palestine with additional layers depicting religious holy sites, Arabic places </text>
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          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>survey map </text>
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              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~240993~5512445:Composite--Map-of-Western-Palestine?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&amp;qvq=q:west%2Bpalestine;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=1&amp;trs=90#</text>
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              <text>1880</text>
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              <text>David Rumsey Collection</text>
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              <text>Scale 1: 63,360</text>
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                <text>Composite Map of Western Palestine</text>
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                <text>Survey Map of Western Palestine </text>
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                <text>This is a detailed survey map of the west half of Palestine. It represents the composite of 26 survey sheets. This map was useful to the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. It includes place names as well as pink shading for more densely populated areas. Some of the place names are translated from Arabic while others represent English translations from the New Testament. Geographical features such as waterways, mount ranges, and banks are carefully detailed. &#13;
Notably, this survey fails to include the Suez Canal and Wilderness or Tire which represented significant British military interests at the time. These were canvassed in later mapping projects of 1907. &#13;
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                <text>Conder, C.R. (Claude Reignier), Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert)&#13;
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                <text>Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</text>
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                <text>The region of Ottoman-era Palestine west of the Jordan River</text>
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                  <text>Bike Maps</text>
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                  <text>I'm looking at how bike maps have evolved over time. I'm starting with the "good roads movement" and the bike boom of the 1890s. This collection, for now, has several historical maps from that era. </text>
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                  <text>Melissa B.</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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                <text>Bike guide, Washington Area National Parks</text>
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                <text>Department of the Interior</text>
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                <text>This is the first map in my collection that isn't from the 1890s. This map is from 1972, around the time of the second bike boom in the United States. I am on a quest for more bike maps from this time period. </text>
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                <text>1972</text>
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                <text>Area parks</text>
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                  <text>Chinese Qing Empire's Mapping of the Northwestern Border</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This collection is a series of Chinese Qing Empire (1644-1911)’s maps on its north-western borderline from the 18th century to 19th century. These maps show how the Qing Empire manipulated power on the newly conquered territory and how the Empire gradually failed its competition on territory with the Russian Empire (1721–1917). The time span of this collection covers the period of transformation in late imperial China: Western ideas and techniques were introduced, and the Chinese court and literati gradually tried to assimilate them into traditional framework of knowledge. The case of maps and cartography was no exception. In my final project, I plan to explore how the court and literati used and perceived maps. </text>
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Li Zhaoluo</text>
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                <text>The Qing Empire under Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735-1795) was an age of expansion. After conquering the New Domination at the west, the Emperor sent missionaries there to do surveys. In 1761, basing on new surveys and the previous national map made under Emperor Kangxi regime (r. 1661-1722), missionaries finished a new map on the whole Qing Empire with longitude and latitude. This map is later called Imperial atlas of the Imperial Secretariat from the Qianlong Reign. Since this map is usually kept in the Imperial Secretariat, few people could see it.&#13;
&#13;
However, Dong Youcheng managed to copy the Qianlong map, and Li Zhaoluo later compiled and published this copy in 1832. This newly published map is named “Qing Empire's Complete Map of All Under Heaven.” This map combines the Western geographic coordinate system and the grid system used in traditional Chinese cartography.</text>
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                <text>Territories of the Chineses Qing Empire (around the later 18th century)</text>
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                <text>First meteorological map, charting the directions of trade winds and monsoons. Information was collected from navigators familiar with ocean transits, and also from his own tropical experience on St. Helena (1677–1678). On the map, rows of brief lines show the course of the winds; the sharp ends of those lines point to wind sources. Where winds go back and forth, notably in the monsoon-prone area of the Indian Ocean, the lines are thicker than elsewhere and point both ways.</text>
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                <text>French version of Halley's map, accompanying a French translation of his article "An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas between and near the Tropicks, with an Attempt to Assign the Physical Cause of the Said Wind," </text>
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                <text>no. 183 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London  (1686)</text>
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        <name>lines</name>
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                <text>This is a map of Europe created in 1804 by Englishman Edward Patteson.  It was created as part of an Atlas that depicted both Ancient and Modern Europe.  So on this map, modern borders between nations are depicted, but Patteson accompanies many land areas with the so-called Roman names for them.  For example, Turkey is accompanied with the Roman subtitle "Asia Minor."  What is of note for my project is that this map includes Belgium as part of France, but not the Netherlands, and French maps at the time depict the boundary of France extending to the Rhine River, which is not the case with this map.</text>
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      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>Jean Baptiste Marie Chamouin</text>
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              <text>Harvard Map Collection</text>
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              <text>1804</text>
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                <text>Created in the same year as many of the other maps in the exhibition, this map is a map of France, and includes the region of modern day Belgium unified as one country with the rest of France.  This map, unsurprisingly, was created by a French cartographer.  To the North of Belgium there is a unique boundary line symbol that on the key is said to meant "division generale de la France" meaning "general division of France."  However this boundary line isn't present to the east where France borders Germany.  This could be explained by the fact that in this map the Rhine River defines France's border, and this cartographer chose not to overlap symbols for the River and the boundary.  The boundary line seen to the North of Belgium however, reappears in the south surrounding France's conquered territory in Italy.  Perhaps this border symbols signifies some level of insecurity about the border of this newly conquered territory.  But if so, this insecurity is subtle, and the region of Belgium is, to this French cartographer, very much part of France.</text>
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                <text>Eustache Herrison</text>
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                  <text>Mapping disease</text>
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                  <text>My final project investigates the different ways of mapping disease throughout history and how this can be seen as a product of attitudes towards disease and understanding of the underlying mechanisms at a particular time. While now producing maps of disease is a basic tool in epidemiology and public health, this way of visualizing disease patterns did not develop until around the turn of the 19th century. Prompted in part by serious epidemics of cholera and yellow fever, maps became an important tool in the mission to understand the mode of transmission of disease. In particular, maps were key in the debate over and development of germ theory. Later, maps were also used to disseminate awareness to the general public, and no longer remained the preserve of scientists and public health officials in academic contexts. For this initial map collection I aimed to display three maps that show significantly different ways of thinking about infectious disease. In particular, they show three key stages in the understanding of disease: initial mapping to attempt to discern a mode of transmission, knowledge of a vector and its range, and an attempt to communicate the urgency and danger of disease to the public.</text>
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                  <text>Isabella C</text>
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          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:7142160$7i</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>History of the epidemic spasmodic cholera of Russia </text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Francis Bisset Hawkins</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>J. Murray (London)</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This map shows how the cholera epidemic spread across the world from 1817-1831. The only cities labeled on the map are places at which cholera was recorded during the epidemic, clearly showing the impressive geographical range the epidemic reached. This map is particularly interesting because it aims to depict change over time, by including the date at which cholera was first recorded at that specific place on most of the labels. It is not initially very easy to determine where the epidemic originated and the path it took because there is no guide other than the dates, so you have to read all the labels to get a sense of the narrative that the map is telling – it is not very visually obvious. Assessing the path of transmission of a disease is key in identifying the mechanism by which it is spread, and this map is an excellent example of an attempt to better understand cholera, laying the pathway for the discovery of waterborne transmission in the next 20-30 years.</text>
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                <text>Book: "History of the epidemic spasmodic cholera of Russia :including a copious account of the disease which has prevailed in India, and which has travelled, under that name,&#13;
from Asia into Europe, illustrated by numerous official and other documents, explanatory of the nature, treatment, and prevention of the malady"</text>
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        <name>Place Names</name>
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        <name>rivers</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Tourism, Proximity and British Perceptions of France and Germany Before the First World War</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores British perceptions of France and Germany before the First World War, and how they were influenced by proximity, both in terms of simple distance and in terms of how easy it was to travel there. There are four elements (one of which isn't a historical map). &lt;br /&gt;The first is a graphical representation of the quickest routes from London to different places in Europe, as advised by Thomas Cook and Son travel agents in 1913, and how long it would take to travel to each destination. These graphs give us a sense of how far places in Europe actually were from London in 1913 (admittedly a limited sense given I haven’t found useful information on the prices of these journeys, or how many times a day they ran). They also show which places routes ran through, thus showing which places travelllers would be familiar with simply by having to frequently pass through.&lt;br /&gt;The second map is a cartoon map of Europe made in 1900. It supposedly shows the different countries responding to Britain’s war in South Africa. It is interesting for how France—at the time far from an ally—is shown as far less threatening than Germany, which in turn is less threatening than Russia. It is interesting to apply information from the previous element to this one (if we assume that travel patterns in Europe had not radically changed between 1900 and 1913). The relative proximity of France, and number of routes through Paris, perhaps meant that more people had been there, and did not find it excessively foreign or sinister, while the distantness of Russia (Moscow is 102 hours from London) arguably result in it being depicted as a terrifying, autocratic octopus (a depiction surely grounded in common British stereotypes and attitudes). &lt;br /&gt;The third element seeks to answer a question posed by the comparison of the first and second. The first element shows that Germany was not very distant, and that many routes passed through it, especially through Cologne. Yet the second shows that Germany seemed to be more foreign and threatening than France. The third element is a map of Europe made in 1880. It labels western Germany—the Rhineland that accounts for so many nodes in the first element—“Germany,” and the rest of the German Empire “Prussia.” While it was probably the result of parsimonious atlas makers reusing pre-unification plates, the existence of such a map (and of other examples, which are hyperlinked), suggests that the British maintained a mental distinction between the Germany they encountered and the threatening, militaristic Prussia they did not. Either that map echoes a distinction that was already salient, or it and others helped to create or maintain such a distinction. It is no accident that Germany is represented in element two by the Kaiser eagerly stockpiling battleships, echoing a pre-unification cartoon map of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, in which that state is embodied by the Kaiser and an armed and dangerous Bismark.&lt;br /&gt;The last element is a fragment of a map of Paris from an English language guidebook published in 1878. It gives us a loose sense of what sort of places would have grounded British perceptions of the French capital. Specifically, government buildings feature prominently, suggesting that visiting Paris in some way entailed visiting the French state, and perhaps coming to understand it as similar to the British state. One might wonder whether visitors to Berlin would have had the same response to the German state, had many people visited Berlin.</text>
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              <text>Frederick W. Rose (original sketch)</text>
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              <text>Matthew B. Hewerdine</text>
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          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>49 x 70cm</text>
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              <text>Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA dcu</text>
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          <name>Call Number</name>
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              <text>G5701.S1 1900 .R6</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g5701s.ct002860"&gt;http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g5701s.ct002860&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&amp;amp;searchArg=2010587002&amp;amp;searchType=1&amp;amp;recCount=10"&gt;https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=STNO&amp;amp;searchArg=2010587002&amp;amp;searchType=1&amp;amp;recCount=10&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>John Bull and his friends: a serio-comic map of Europe</text>
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                <text>Frederick W. Rose</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>G.W. Bacon &amp; Co., Ltd., London</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>This British cartoon map of Europe paints a belligerently nationalistic view of diplomatic relations in 1900. John Bull, Britain personified, is swatting away two cats -- Boer troops resisting British rule in South Africa -- while the rest of Europe condemns or conspires against him. What is significant about this map is the way that France is portrayed as less sinister than Germany, which is less sinister than Russia. While Marianne is shown looking glumly at broken toys labelled with the names of political and diplomatic incidents, Germany is represented by the Kaiser in uniform stockpiling battleships and exports, and Russia is an octopus with the Czar at its centre. One could argue that proximity is the defining factor: France is close to England and had perhaps been visited by the artist and his expected reader. Russia on the other hand is a very long way away, and thus understandably more sinister. Germany is between the two.</text>
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                <text>Continental</text>
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