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              <text>Elias Loomis</text>
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                <text>Map showing colored areas of climate conditions on a particular day. The colored areas correspond to precipitation conditions, , i.e. snow, clear, rain, clouds, fog. Different lines depict areas of equal pressure (dashed) and areas of equal thermal oscillation (dotted). &#13;
&#13;
These early depictions resulted in created a plan for the Smithsonian Institution. Loomis’s proposal for a system of observers across the United States and for daily weather maps was realized in Congress’s creation of the Weather Bureau of the United States Signal Service in 1870. This became the National Weather Service we know today.</text>
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                <text>One of thirteen charts accompanying Loomis’s article “On Two Storms Which Were Experienced throughout the United States, in the Month of February, 1842.” </text>
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              <text>John Chappelsmith</text>
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              <text>Atlas sheet as part of ccompanying his article “Account of a Tornado near New Harmony, Ind., April 30, 1852, with a Map of the Track, &amp;c.” in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge (Washington, D.C.) 7 (1855)</text>
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              <text>1955</text>
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                <text>Map of the Track of the Tornado of April 30th 1852</text>
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                <text>This map shows what is referred to as the first scientific study of a tornado’s path and the first conclusive proof that tornadoes are an inward, upward, and onward moving column of air. In his article, Chappelsmith notes that people living five miles north of the storm continued to plough their fields during the whole time. The tornado’s track was one mile wide and sped from New Harmony to Leavenworth in 1.5 hours, averaging sixty miles per hour and toppling trees at the rate of seven thousand per minute. Primarily based on his detailed examination of these prostrated trees left in the storm’s wake, he concludes that the “phenomena are incompatible with the rotary hypothesis. . . . I am inclined to believe in Professor Espy’s idea of an ascensional column . . .” [pp. 10–11].</text>
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                <text>John Chappelsmith</text>
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                <text>Accompanying his article “Account of a Tornado near New Harmony, Ind., April 30, 1852, with a Map of the Track, &amp;c.”  </text>
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                <text>Engraving, </text>
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                <text>From Golconda Illinois, to Wabash River across Indiana &amp; the Ohio River to Georgetown Kentucky, U.S</text>
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              <text>David Rumsey Historical Map Collection </text>
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                <text>This weather map is published by the US Department of Agriculture. Observations were taken from 8am to 8pm where barometers reduced to Sea Level and 32degrees Fahrenheit. The heavy dotted lines inclose ares of marked changes in temperature during the past 24 hours. Shaded areas show regions of precipitation during the pat 12 hours. Arrows point in the direction the wind is blowing. The use of symbols is interesting here, as they indicate weather being clear, partly cloudy, cloudy, with rain, snow, etc. The amount of text that accompanies the map reflects the weather conditions and general forecast. It is interesting that these maps had to be published daily based on a network of national sites communicating climate data back and forth.</text>
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                <text>Building off his previous previous work, Woodbridge again depicts isothermal conditions. Here, he updates the way the planting information is displayed (in boxes, with horizontal text). Overall, Woodbridge notes that the figures on the chart indicate mean annual temperature of the places depicted. The dotted lines crossing the chart point out the places which have equal degrees of heat. Theres form the boundaries of the Regions distinguished by color. &#13;
&#13;
What is also interesting about this map is that it appears to also be a planting calendar, suggesting what crops are best suited for each Region. These are depicted by the unbroken vertical lines reaching from each of the dotted Regional lines.</text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Conder, C.R. (Claude Reignier), Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert)&#13;
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A map drawn by the U.S. Coast Survey in 1907 showing San Francisco bay and the surrounding area.  The map displays sounding depths for the bay area, topographic features, the city grid of San Francisco and surrounding settlements, and features specific to the navigation of the bay.  The abstract on the David Rumsey website also claims the map was published a year after the 1906 earthquake, yet shows no damage to the city.</text>
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                <text>regional map</text>
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                  <text>This collections seeks to understand how different entities depict the Tennessee River Valley region through mapping.  The three maps included are made by three government organizations with profoundly different purposes.  The analysis focuses on how natural features, rivers, lakes, and mountains, are represented.  These different styles of representation indicate the different points of view of each different agency when it comes to developing the same landscape.  Thus, these maps visually represent both the landscape and the economic potential of the region.</text>
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                <text>U.S.G.S. (U.S. Geological Survey)</text>
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                <text>This large-scale topographic map covers the region between Knoxville, TN and Asheville, NC.  As an official U.S.G.S., the map makes claims to objectively representing the landscape through topography.  The consistency of representation across such a large region makes the map more difficult to read than a small-scale or pictorial map.&#13;
&#13;
Great Smoky Mountain National Park is not depicted in a different color, but is labelled by text.  All the cities are made the same fluorescent orange color.  Roads are the same color red on both the white and green background.&#13;
&#13;
Despite the consistency of representation across the entire landscape, the choices of the U.S.G.S. mapmakers still indicate a hierarchy of landscape.  The "Great Smoky Mountain National Park" text is at least as large as the "Knoxville" toponym and spaced out to cover the large area which highlights the spatial importance of the mountain region.  The orange color represents "populated places" according to the key, which would then imply that people only live in this landscape in named cities; the rest is untouched natural wilderness.  The red roads contrast more with the white background as opposed to the green, which emphasizes the presence of road in non-forested places and tends to hide them in the green area.&#13;
&#13;
The faith to the scale of the natural features places lakes over rivers in the visual hierarchy.  Lakes are blue polygons, rivers are small blue lines winding among the brown contour lines.  Nonetheless, the water features of significance, lakes, rivers and ponds, are all represented on the map.</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Army Map Service (AMTV), Corps of Engineers</text>
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        <name>Tennessee</name>
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        <name>topographic map</name>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Department of the Interior</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This is the first map in my collection that isn't from the 1890s. This map is from 1972, around the time of the second bike boom in the United States. I am on a quest for more bike maps from this time period. </text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>Area parks</text>
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                  <text>I'm looking at how bike maps have evolved over time. I'm starting with the "good roads movement" and the bike boom of the 1890s. This collection, for now, has several historical maps from that era. </text>
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                  <text>Melissa B.</text>
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                <text>This is one more of the sectional maps from the California guide for cyclists. </text>
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                <text>Blum, George W. </text>
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                <text>City Park </text>
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