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                <text>Close-up of Lvbeca vrbs imperialis libera civitatvm wandalicarvm et inclytæ hanseaticæ societatis capvt. Hamburga florentissimum inferioris Saxoniæ emporium Anglorum frequẽtatione hoc tẽpore celeberrimum A. Dñi M.D.L.XX.II.</text>
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                  <text>Britain Colonial Mapping of Western Palestine in the Ottoman period  </text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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                  <text>Detailed geographical survey of Western Palestine with additional layers depicting religious holy sites, Arabic places </text>
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                <text>Collection of Muslim Shrines on the PEF Map which are listed under the term "Neby"</text>
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                <text>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=neby;id=ien.35556034748913;view=image;seq=200;start=1;sz=10;page=root;num=188;size=100;orient=0</text>
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                <text>Color Washes</text>
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                <text>This layer contains a wash of three distinct colors: bright red for free states, dark blue-gray for slave states, and green for territories that were, as the map’s title calls it, “open to slavery or freedom by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise” of 1854. This layer encapsulates what I find to be the central object of the map as a whole, which is to use abstraction to convey a political message. The color washes appear to have been applied by a distracted artist rather than a fastidious cartographer. For instance, the colors spill over lines liberally—Long Island Sound or the loose splashes over Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard provide good examples. There is almost the sense that the cartographer accidentally spilled buckets of paint over the map. This looseness plays into how the abstract colors represent political ideology rather than distinct geographic features. In conveying that political message, the mapmakers made distinct choices in color choice. Coloring the slave states a dark blue-gray gives the impression that the slave power is as a storm cloud that darkens and encroaches upon the innocent, natural greenness of the unclaimed territories. This dark coloring of slavery also has the effect of connoting immorality, especially in contrast to the bright, chipper cherry red of the free states. Moreover, the dark blue has the effect of making it extremely difficult to discern the natural features, like rivers, in the slave states—a fact that I learned the hard way in my tracing. I contend that this obfuscation of natural features is intentional; the mapmakers seek to prove in obscuring the rivers and mountains that slavery is unnatural and counter to the ideals of the land that the red and green colors highlight so much more clearly and favorably.</text>
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        <name>Analytical Tag: Kansas Nebraska Act</name>
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                <text>This layer contains the colored (land) parts of the map. Supposedly, those territories are under the influence of different rulers (the British, the French, the Dutch and certain native American groups). It is remarkable that the boundaries of those colored territories are made bold; this reinforces the idea of the territories being separate areas, ruled by  separate  powers.</text>
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                  <text>I'm looking at how bike maps have evolved over time. I'm starting with the "good roads movement" and the bike boom of the 1890s. This collection, for now, has several historical maps from that era. </text>
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                  <text>Melissa B.</text>
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                <text>Comparing Homann's and Möller’s map</text>
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                <text>This map is a game board, with the goal of completing a “complete and elegant tour.” This layer includes the route and stops of what the complete and elegant tour.  </text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~240993~5512445:Composite--Map-of-Western-Palestine?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&amp;qvq=q:west%2Bpalestine;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=1&amp;trs=90#</text>
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          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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              <text>David Rumsey Collection</text>
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                <text>Survey Map of Western Palestine </text>
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                <text>This is a detailed survey map of the west half of Palestine. It represents the composite of 26 survey sheets. This map was useful to the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. It includes place names as well as pink shading for more densely populated areas. Some of the place names are translated from Arabic while others represent English translations from the New Testament. Geographical features such as waterways, mount ranges, and banks are carefully detailed. &#13;
Notably, this survey fails to include the Suez Canal and Wilderness or Tire which represented significant British military interests at the time. These were canvassed in later mapping projects of 1907. &#13;
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                <text>Conder, C.R. (Claude Reignier), Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert)&#13;
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                <text>Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</text>
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                <text>The region of Ottoman-era Palestine west of the Jordan River</text>
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                  <text>Surveys Around the World</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Christina Shivers</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Composite: Paris Sheets 3-7, 10-43A, 49-51</text>
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                <text>This map of Paris is a survey conducted in conducted between 1827 and 1836. It was drawn to scale by Theodore Jacoubet and is one of the last maps of a city drawn by an architect.  The map is a collection of several sheets; each sheet accounts for anticipated future infrastructural and architectural projects.</text>
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        <name>streets</name>
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        <name>symbol</name>
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