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                  <text>Tourism, Proximity and British Perceptions of France and Germany Before the First World War</text>
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                  <text>This collection explores British perceptions of France and Germany before the First World War, and how they were influenced by proximity, both in terms of simple distance and in terms of how easy it was to travel there. There are four elements (one of which isn't a historical map). &lt;br /&gt;The first is a graphical representation of the quickest routes from London to different places in Europe, as advised by Thomas Cook and Son travel agents in 1913, and how long it would take to travel to each destination. These graphs give us a sense of how far places in Europe actually were from London in 1913 (admittedly a limited sense given I haven’t found useful information on the prices of these journeys, or how many times a day they ran). They also show which places routes ran through, thus showing which places travelllers would be familiar with simply by having to frequently pass through.&lt;br /&gt;The second map is a cartoon map of Europe made in 1900. It supposedly shows the different countries responding to Britain’s war in South Africa. It is interesting for how France—at the time far from an ally—is shown as far less threatening than Germany, which in turn is less threatening than Russia. It is interesting to apply information from the previous element to this one (if we assume that travel patterns in Europe had not radically changed between 1900 and 1913). The relative proximity of France, and number of routes through Paris, perhaps meant that more people had been there, and did not find it excessively foreign or sinister, while the distantness of Russia (Moscow is 102 hours from London) arguably result in it being depicted as a terrifying, autocratic octopus (a depiction surely grounded in common British stereotypes and attitudes). &lt;br /&gt;The third element seeks to answer a question posed by the comparison of the first and second. The first element shows that Germany was not very distant, and that many routes passed through it, especially through Cologne. Yet the second shows that Germany seemed to be more foreign and threatening than France. The third element is a map of Europe made in 1880. It labels western Germany—the Rhineland that accounts for so many nodes in the first element—“Germany,” and the rest of the German Empire “Prussia.” While it was probably the result of parsimonious atlas makers reusing pre-unification plates, the existence of such a map (and of other examples, which are hyperlinked), suggests that the British maintained a mental distinction between the Germany they encountered and the threatening, militaristic Prussia they did not. Either that map echoes a distinction that was already salient, or it and others helped to create or maintain such a distinction. It is no accident that Germany is represented in element two by the Kaiser eagerly stockpiling battleships, echoing a pre-unification cartoon map of &lt;a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16826"&gt;Prussia&lt;/a&gt;, in which that state is embodied by the Kaiser and an armed and dangerous Bismark.&lt;br /&gt;The last element is a fragment of a map of Paris from an English language guidebook published in 1878. It gives us a loose sense of what sort of places would have grounded British perceptions of the French capital. Specifically, government buildings feature prominently, suggesting that visiting Paris in some way entailed visiting the French state, and perhaps coming to understand it as similar to the British state. One might wonder whether visitors to Berlin would have had the same response to the German state, had many people visited Berlin.</text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>Included in a book.</text>
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          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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              <text>As this map was extracted from a digitized copy of a guidebook, it is not in any formal map collection.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Baedeker Map of Western Paris</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Wagner &amp; Debes, Leipzig</text>
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                <text>Karl Baedeker</text>
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                <text>1878</text>
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                <text>Included in Karl Baedeker, &lt;em&gt;Paris and its Environs: With Routes from London to Paris, and from Paris to the Rhine and Switzerland, Handbook for Travellers&lt;/em&gt; (Leipsic [sic.]: Karl Baedeker, 1878).</text>
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                <text>Foldout map from a guidebook</text>
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                <text>This is half of a map of Paris included in Baedeker's 1878 English-language guidebook to the Paris region. It gives us a sense of what British visitors to Paris in the late 19th and early 20th centuries would have seen -- after all, this guidebook and others like it directed them. Certain buildings are highlighted, along with railway lines, parks, rivers, neighbourhoods and major roads. Interestingly, among the buildings picked out, a large number have some government connection, such as the "Ecole Militaire," "C. [cours] Legislatif" and "Palais de l'Elysees." (There are also a lot of churches). It seems it was a convention to mark out public buildings on urban maps -- an &lt;a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~31397~1150344:Paris-?sort=Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort&amp;amp;qvq=q:List_No%3D%275371.037%27%22%2B;sort:Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=0&amp;amp;trs=1"&gt;1883 atlas map&lt;/a&gt; of Paris does the same -- but whether or not the mapmaker was deliberately directing tourists to these buildings or just following a convention is not really important: the map was used as a tool, and even if tourists strenuously avoided such buildings, they would have had to use them to navigate and thus anchor their sense of location to such buildings. Thus it seems tourists in Paris would in most cases encounter the symbolically-important buildings of the French government, and perhaps they would link those government buildings to their overall impression of Paris. Perhaps they would have found the government buildings impressive or unthreatening. Even if they found the buildings sinister and exotic, their view of the institutions contained within them would be tempered by the surrounding city, which the buildings represented. After all, capital cities are often used to refer metonymically to governments.&lt;br /&gt;Indeed, the streets marked out on the map constitute a catalogue of great French people (such as Montaigne) and battles (such as Wagram). The experience of visiting Paris perhaps allowed English visitors to view France's history from that country's perspective, rather than from their own, for example by seeing how victories over Britain's allies (such as at Iena, Wagram, Eylau) were commemorated in France much as British victories over France (such as Waterloo) were memorialised in British street names. Additionally, these patterns of street naming meant that British visitors may have connected these people and events with the places they visited, so the touristic appeal of Paris in some way could have defanged French history.</text>
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                <text>Historical Tourist Map</text>
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                <text>City Level (though because of how it was digitized, this file is only half of a larger map of the whole of Paris)</text>
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                  <text>Greg Picard's Final Project</text>
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                  <text>A comparison of maps of Europe from England and France during the Napoleonic Wars</text>
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                <text>Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne's Map of Charles XII's Campaigns</text>
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                <text>This is a map created for a French historical Atlas depicting the war campaigns of Charles XII of Sweden.  The map was created in roughly 1805 and it depicts a war in the late seventeenth century.  Unlike the other maps, this map depicts an earlier time period than 1805 Europe.  However, like the contemporary French maps, it shows France's territory extending all the way to the Rhine River.  This was not an accurate depiction of France at the time, as the territory of Belgium was ruled by many different factions, including France.  It seems as if this map is establishing a historical justification for France's current annexation of Belgium.</text>
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                <text>1805</text>
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                  <text>Greg Picard's Final Project</text>
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                  <text>A comparison of maps of Europe from England and France during the Napoleonic Wars</text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>Charles Francois Delamarche</text>
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          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
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              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~28257~1120266:L-Europe-?sort=Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort&amp;qvq=q:List_No%3D%270421.004%27%22%2B;sort:Pub_Date%2CPub_List_No_InitialSort;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=0&amp;trs=1</text>
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              <text>1800</text>
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                <text>Delamarche's Map of Europe</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Here is a map created in Paris in 1800 by cartographer Charles Francois Delemarche.  It was created for an educational atlas for children, and this map appears to be a political map of Europe.  Focussing on France, Delamarche shows the boundary of France extending all the way west to the Rhine River,a boundary that the first English map examined in this collection does not show.  Delamarche also does not label any region on the map as Belgium, however he does include a small dotted line crossing the North of France, separating what would be France and Belgium.  However, these two modern countries are united by the solid colored border lines surrounding every country.</text>
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                <text>Charles Francois Delamarche</text>
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                <text>L'Europe</text>
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                <text>1800</text>
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                  <text>Greg Picard's Final Project</text>
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                  <text>A comparison of maps of Europe from England and France during the Napoleonic Wars</text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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                <text>This is a map of Europe created in 1804 by Englishman Edward Patteson.  It was created as part of an Atlas that depicted both Ancient and Modern Europe.  So on this map, modern borders between nations are depicted, but Patteson accompanies many land areas with the so-called Roman names for them.  For example, Turkey is accompanied with the Roman subtitle "Asia Minor."  What is of note for my project is that this map includes Belgium as part of France, but not the Netherlands, and French maps at the time depict the boundary of France extending to the Rhine River, which is not the case with this map.</text>
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                  <text>Britain Colonial Mapping of Western Palestine in the Ottoman period  </text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="705">
                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Detailed geographical survey of Western Palestine with additional layers depicting religious holy sites, Arabic places </text>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
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              <text> Conder, C.R. (Claude Reignier) &#13;
Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert)</text>
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          <name>Type</name>
          <description>individual map, atlas sheet, book figure, part of bound collection, born-digital</description>
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              <text>index map</text>
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          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="736">
              <text>David Rumsey Historical Map Collection </text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="196">
          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="737">
              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~240963~5512342?qvq=q%3Apalestine%2Bexploration%2Bfund%3Bsort%3Apub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%3Blc%3ARUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=3&amp;trs=58</text>
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          <name>Date Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="738">
              <text>1880</text>
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          <name>Date Depicted</name>
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              <text>1872-1877</text>
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          <name>Engraver</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Ordinance Survey Office </text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="195">
          <name>Call Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>6930.000 </text>
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        <element elementId="192">
          <name>Format notes</name>
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              <text>Scale 1:&#13;
620,000</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Topographical and Geographical Terms in Arabic (and English</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This map presents the place names of western Palestine in Arabic and explains their meaning in a key on the side. It also marks the location of Arabic villages, churches and mosques.  It is a notable that this map is included to the Palestine Exploration Fund Survey because it acknowledges the development of an indigenous culture in the region since the time of the new testament. &#13;
The New Testament seems to color the surveyors' interaction with the land in the remainder of the collection so I hope to study the ways that it has seeped into this map as well. Notably, unlike the other maps in the survey, this map appears less technologically advanced and does not include topography lines. It might be less useful as an orienting tool for the military and might instead represent the academic interests behind the survey. </text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>The region of Ottoman-era Palestine west of the Jordan River</text>
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        <name>arabic place names</name>
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      <tag tagId="424">
        <name>arabic transcribed to english</name>
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      <tag tagId="427">
        <name>camp</name>
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      <tag tagId="423">
        <name>greenery</name>
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      <tag tagId="83">
        <name>infrastructure</name>
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      <tag tagId="412">
        <name>key</name>
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      <tag tagId="238">
        <name>numbers</name>
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      <tag tagId="113">
        <name>religious buildings</name>
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      <tag tagId="425">
        <name>vehicles</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="215">
        <name>water bodies</name>
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      <file fileId="151">
        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/18657bdfa1b82a910bda51cd0a2010ac.jpg</src>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Britain Colonial Mapping of Western Palestine in the Ottoman period  </text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="964">
                  <text>Detailed geographical survey of Western Palestine with additional layers depicting religious holy sites, Arabic places </text>
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      </elementSetContainer>
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      <name>Historical Map</name>
      <description>Fill out as many of these fields as possible. Required Dublin core fields include Title, Description, Publisher</description>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
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              <text>Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert) &#13;
Saunders, Trelawney </text>
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          <name>Engraver</name>
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              <text> Stanford's Geographical Establishment&#13;
Ordnance Survey Office </text>
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          <name>Collection</name>
          <description>Name of collection of which the map is a part</description>
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              <text> David Rumsey Historical Map Collection&#13;
</text>
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          <name>Call Number</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>6930.037 </text>
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          <name>Date Published</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>1882</text>
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          <name>Date Depicted</name>
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        <element elementId="196">
          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="960">
              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~241003~5512446?qvq=q%3Apalestine%2Bexploration%2Bfund%3Bsort%3Apub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%3Blc%3ARUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=36&amp;amp;trs=58</text>
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        </element>
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          <name>Format notes</name>
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              <text>Scale 1: 168,960</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Western Palestine Illustrating The Old Testament, The Apocrypha and Josephus. </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This map layer depicts Western Palestine at the time of the Old Testament. It sources its information primarily in the book of Joshua which chronicles the Israelites conquering and settling the Holy Land. However, there are additional place names, not mentioned in the Old Testament, that extracted from Josephus’s commentary. Potentially, the author also used Josephus’s text as a lense onto the Old Testament. Joesphus’s commentary on the Old Testament was famously translated by English Theologian William Whiston in the early 18th century and it itself included some maps.&#13;
There is some ambiguity as to the exact time period this map aims to depict. The key explains symbolism for biblical events that are centuries apart, for example delineating the arrangement of governances during the reign of King Solomon and also tinting and coloration to indicate the tribal territories which were captured in the Assyrian and Babylonian Captivity. Another focus of the map, holy places and stations (for sacrificial worship) are marked through symbols and color. &#13;
Because the Palestine Exploration Fund sponsored a survey limited to western Palestine, the map is limited in scope and is only able to include six  of the tribal allotments represented in the Old Testament. This suggests that reconstructing the holy land of the Old Testament was not the primary goal of the survey. &#13;
It is important to note that the cartographer’s depiction of the land allotments to each of the twelve Judean tribes and also various Kohanite and Levite cities was not the first of its kind and indeed follows a classical style that can be traced back to the middle ages. However, this map layer is unique for its merging of religious historical heritage with cutting edge topographic and demographic data. &#13;
There is some ambiguity as to the exact time period this map aims to depict. The key explains symbolism for biblical events that are centuries apart, for example delineating the arrangement of governances during the reign of King Solomon and also tinting and coloration to indicate the tribal territories which were captured in the Assyrian and Babylonian Captivity. Another focus of the map, holy places and stations (for sacrificial worship) are marked through symbols and color. &#13;
Because the Palestine Exploration Fund sponsored a survey limited to western Palestine, the map is limited in scope and is only able to include six  of the tribal allotments represented in the Old Testament. This suggests that reconstructing the holy land of the Old Testament was not the primary goal of the survey. &#13;
It is important to note that the cartographer’s depiction of the land allotments to each of the twelve Judean tribes and also various Kohanite and Levite cities was not the first of its kind and indeed follows a classical style that can be traced back to the middle ages. Nevertheless, &#13;
However, this map layer is unique for its merging of religious historical heritage with cutting edge topographic and demographic data. &#13;
</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="722">
                <text>Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund </text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1880</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="724">
                <text>Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert) </text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>English </text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text> Composite Map </text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="952">
                <text>The region of Ottoman-era Palestine west of the Jordan River</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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        <name>biblical text</name>
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        <name>key</name>
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      <tag tagId="420">
        <name>latitude/longitude lines</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="422">
        <name>the Holy Oblation</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="419">
        <name>tribal allotments</name>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="204" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="150">
        <src>https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1952/original/96f4a7e5fe40e6e76876be6de5c687f8.jpg</src>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Britain Colonial Mapping of Western Palestine in the Ottoman period  </text>
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                  <text>The Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) of Great Britain conducted an extensive survey of Western Palestine from 1872-1877, during the  Ottoman period. While the fund was headed by religious figures and academics, there was also involvement from the British government. Essentially, the religious and academic associations of the fund may have served as a front to allow the British government to collect intelligence on the region.  For example, the British Foreign Office had documented involvement in the production and funding of the survey project, which increased with the Russo-Turkian War (1877-78). This survey was the most detailed and technologically advanced to date and was ultimately employed by the British in their invasion of Palestine in WWI. &#13;
 In addition to its attention to topographic detail, this mapping project is notable for its area of focus. Unlike other maps produced by Western colonial powers at the time, such as France and Germany, this map focuses exclusively on an area west of the Jordan river. Uncannily, its borders resemble those of the future British Mandate (1920-1948). The survey is also careful to include the significant holy sites of the New Testament. &#13;
 After the maps production, the British Foreign Office required that the PEF delay the publication of the maps for a year to control the dispersal of sensitive intelligence information.&#13;
Thus, these maps should be evaluated both as products of academic and religious scholarship and as tools in the British colonial enterprise. </text>
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              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Detailed geographical survey of Western Palestine with additional layers depicting religious holy sites, Arabic places </text>
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          <name>Cartographer</name>
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Kitchener, H.R. (Horatio Herbert)</text>
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        <element elementId="195">
          <name>Call Number</name>
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</text>
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        <element elementId="196">
          <name>URL or Unique Identifier</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="958">
              <text>http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~241026~5512449:Composite--Western-Palestine-Natura?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date&amp;qvq=q:talmud;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=57&amp;trs=58</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text> Western Palestine Illustrating the New Testament, also the Talmud and Josephus.&#13;
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text> Palestine Exploration Fund&#13;
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund </text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>Composite Map </text>
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                <text>At first glance, this map appears 'modern' in all but the names of places, depicting a geographical features that are identical to those of the other pieces in the Palestine collection. However, this map layer presents New Testament Era place names superimposed over the 1870 map. The cartographer has pulled geographic information from the Talmud and Josephus, in addition to the New Testament to illustrate the layout of the "Land of Judea" after the birth of Jesus. &#13;
It is part of a collection of British Survey maps, authored by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1880. This survey collection was the dominant source of information for the British military invasion of Palestine in WWI and continued to have importance for scientific and ethnographic research thereafter.  &#13;
This map layer highlights how the survey was in fact designed by the PEF to encompass historic christian religious sites. As a contrast, one might compare this map layer with the Old Testament map layer which does not succeed to cover certain areas depicted in the Old Testament because of the survey’s limits. This aids in the conclusion that the PEF survey was intended for archeological, academic and religious use. </text>
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                <text> The region of Ottoman-era Palestine west of the Jordan River</text>
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                  <text>More Known Unknowns: Mapping Environmental Damage from the Chernobyl Disaster</text>
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                <text>Karta radiat︠s︡ionnoĭ obstanovki na territorii evropeĭskoĭ chasti SSSR po sostoi︠a︡nii︠u︡ na dekabrʹ 1990 goda : plotnostʹ zagri︠a︡znenii︠a︡ mestnosti stront︠s︡iem-90 : masshtab 1:500 000 (part 1: Gomel')</text>
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                <text>This map shows the spread of Strontium-90 contamination in the area of eastern Belarus and western Russia surrounding Gomel' in December 1990. It is one of a set of four Soviet-produced maps showing strontium contamination from the same point in time. They were produced by the State Committee for Hydrometrology and Control of Natural Resources of the Soviet Union, which was in charge of producing contamination maps twice a year.&#13;
&#13;
An earlier version of the map served as the basis for the IAEA's map, in terms of contamination data. However, the two maps are very different in their portrayals of natural features, roads, and other basic elements of the map. In the process of verifying Soviet environmental monitoring data, the IAEA scientists instead often were faced with the task of reconciling two (or more) different basic accounts of the territory itself, and the level of contamination it contained.</text>
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                <text>Institut prikladnoĭ geofiziki imeni akademika E.K. Fedorova</text>
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        <name>Cesium-137</name>
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                  <text>More Known Unknowns: Mapping Environmental Damage from the Chernobyl Disaster</text>
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                <text>Chernobyl Radiation Map CS-137 Today</text>
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                <text>Chernobyl Foundation</text>
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                <text>This map portrays soil contamination on the territory of Ukraine with cesium-137, a radioactive isotope, as of April 2011. Cesium-137 has a half-life of approximately 30 years (which means that 30 years after its release, half of it will have degraded and become non-radioactive). While it is not the source of the most enduring threat from the accident (other isotopes have half-lives of up to a quarter of a million years), it is one of the main contaminants affecting humans.&#13;
&#13;
While my project focuses on the use of environmental monitoring data to define the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, a 30-km radius around the accident site, the additional information provided by this map is valuable in that it shows the compromise inherent in the construction of the Zone, and the generalizations about risk that it implies. The map makes it clear that the bulk of the contamination lies closest to the accident site, but it is also made clear that other regions are by no means exempt from the threat of contamination.&#13;
&#13;
Additionally, by providing no information about contamination outside Ukraine, it defines the environmental burden of the accident's aftermath as a Ukrainian issue.</text>
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                  <text>More Known Unknowns: Mapping Environmental Damage from the Chernobyl Disaster</text>
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                <text>Skhema plotnosti zagri︠a︡znenii︠a︡ t︠s︡eziem-137 s zapasom [bolʹshe] 1 ki/km² territorii evropeĭskoĭ chasti Rossii : po sostoi︠a︡nii︠u︡ na 30 dekabri︠a︡ 1991 g.</text>
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                <text>Izrael', Iu.</text>
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                <text>1992</text>
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                <text>The map shown here, produced by Yurii Izrael', who was also in charge of producing Soviet contamination maps, was produced a year after the larger Soviet maps in this exhibit. However, it shows a subtle but unmistakeable political shift for the immediate post-Soviet period: rather than a map of the Soviet Union, this is a contamination map of Russia. In the post-Soviet period, the Soviet successor states were faced with the task of managing the long-term effects of environmental disasters that were arguably the fault of governments that no longer existed.</text>
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                <text>GUGK USSR</text>
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