Map Embodying the Information Received by the Committee on Meteorology of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania in Relation to the Storm of March, 16th, 17th, & 18th, 1838, Illustrating the Report of the Meteorologist.
This is the first U.S. weather map. In his accompanying report, Espy states that the committee received back 50 responses from the 250 circulars it sent out to different parts of the United States and Canada regarding this notable storm. The map represents the assembled data, with reporting stations numbered from 1 to 50, roughly in order from south to north and from west to east as the storm was tracked. The three large circles show the eastern progress of the storm over the three days. Readings of barometric pressure, arrows for wind direction and relative strength, and descriptive words for precipitation/sky (rain/sleet/hail/snow, clear/fair/cloudy/heavy) are provided in the cells of small tables (three or four rows by two or three columns) printed next to each station number. Morning and evening results, if given, appear in adjacent cells of a row, and each row represents a different day (March 16, 17, 18, and sometimes 19). Like a time-delay photograph, the map nicely traces the regional movement of the storm, but graphic methods (shading, color, use of symbols) have not been developed yet to replace Espy’s data tables.
James P. Espy
From Espy’s “Report of the Committee on Meteorology” in Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania and Mechanics’ Register.
Philadelphia [Pa.]: : Published by the Franklin Institute, at their hall; F. Taylor, Washington City; G. & C. Carvill & Co., New York; and Joseph H. Francis, Boston., -1841.
1838
Devoted to Mechanical and Physical Science, Civil Engineering, the Arts and Manufactures and the Recording of American and Other Patented Inventions, n.s., 22 (1838): 161–175
Lithograph map, 23 × 27 cm.
English
Northeastern United States; Pennsylvania
James P. Espy
Map part of accompanying report on Meteorology.
Lithograph map, 23 × 27 cm.
[Historic Maps Collection]
American Antiquarian Society Historical Periodicals
http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/thematic-maps/quantitative/meteorology/espy-map-1838.jpg
1838
March, 16th, 17th, & 18th, 1838
First two weather maps (“April 1st 1843. 3 P.M.” and “April 2nd 1843. 3 P.M.”)
The principal phases of a storm at once. Provided here are the names and city/state locations of all of the “meteorological correspondents” who provided the data exhibited in Espy's charts. Shown here is the position and extent of a storm at a particular moment by the red figures, indicating the quantity of rain or snow that fell in it; the locality of the minimum barometer indicated by a red line, and its maximum by a black line; the direction and force of the wind, by arrows of different lengths; and by turning to the map of the next day, the change of position of the storm
James P. Espy
Espy’s Second [-Third] Report on Meteorology
Robert A. Waters, 1851
April 1st 1843 / April 2nd 1843
Dimensions not given, scale not given
English
Eastern & Midwestern United States
John P. Espy
book figure, from Espy’s Second [-Third] Report on Meteorology
[Historic Maps Collection]
http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/006328623/catalog
1851
1849–1851
Chart 10, February 3, 1832
Map showing colored areas of climate conditions on a particular day. The colored areas correspond to precipitation conditions, , i.e. snow, clear, rain, clouds, fog. Different lines depict areas of equal pressure (dashed) and areas of equal thermal oscillation (dotted).
These early depictions resulted in created a plan for the Smithsonian Institution. Loomis’s proposal for a system of observers across the United States and for daily weather maps was realized in Congress’s creation of the Weather Bureau of the United States Signal Service in 1870. This became the National Weather Service we know today.
One of thirteen charts accompanying Loomis’s article “On Two Storms Which Were Experienced throughout the United States, in the Month of February, 1842.”
American Philosophical Society
1842
Printed map
English
Printed map
Eastern US
Elias Loomis
One of thirteen charts accompanying Loomis’s article “On Two Storms Which Were Experienced throughout the United States, in the Month of February, 1842.”
Printed with added color, 23.5 × 30.5 cm. Scale not given
Historic Maps Collection
http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/thematic-maps/quantitative/meteorology/loomis-map-1845.jpg
1842
1842